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bio 30 > Female reproductive system > Flashcards

Female reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the female primary sex characteristics:

A

Gonads (ovaries), oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva

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2
Q

What are the secondary female sex characteristics:

A

Minimal hair on face and body, prominent breasts, higher voice, rounded shoulders, wider hips, less muscle development

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3
Q

Describe ovaries:

A
  • Suspended by ligaments inside abdomen
  • Site of oogenesis (egg production)
  • Contains follicles where eggs mature (one follicle per month)
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4
Q

Describe the fimbriae:

A

Finger-like projections (catcher’s mitt) that sweep the ovaries to collect eggs and direct them to the oviduct

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5
Q

Describe the oviduct:

A

Carries the ovum (egg) from ovary to uterus

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6
Q

Describe the uterus:

A
  • Muscular organ
  • Holds and nourishes fetus
  • Size and shape of a pear
  • Lined by endometrium – supplied by many blood vessels
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7
Q

Describe the cervix:

A

Base of uterus – opening between uterus and vagina

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8
Q

Describe the vagina:

A

Opening to female reproductive system – where sperm is deposited

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9
Q

Describe the vulva:

A

Labia majora and minora are folds of skin that protect vaginal opening (also includes clitoris)

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10
Q

What are ova?

A
  • Ovaries produce only a limited number of ova (eggs)
  • Single ovum develops in a single follicle each month
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11
Q

Describe

A
  • Oogonium develop into diploid primary oocytes stuck in prophase I (Girls are born with all of their 1° oocytes in Prophase I of meiosis – about 2 million)
  • Every month after puberty until menopause, a 1° oocyte undergoes meiosis I (and part of meiosis II) to produce 1 haploid secondary (2°) oocyte (stuck in metaphase II) and 1 polar body
  • Ovulation occurs at Metaphase II
  • Meiosis II only proceeds through Anaphase II and Telophase II if the egg is fertilized
  • Upon fertilization meiosis II creates a haploid ootid and a polar body
  • The ootid quickly matures into an ovum and the 2 haploid nuclei (egg and sperm) fuse
  • Oogenesis produces one ovum and two polar bodies (are just abosrbed)
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12
Q

Describe ovulation:

A
  • Follicle matures and ruptures
  • Fimbriae pick up ovum and sweep it into oviducts
  • Oviduct is cilia-lined and carries ovum to uterus
  • Mature ovum is 20 times larger than sperm and has thick membrane
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13
Q

Describe pre-natal development:

A
  • Estrogen and progesterone cause prenatal development of female reproductive organs
  • Also responsible for female secondary sex characteristics during puberty
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14
Q

Describe mensuration:

A
  • Coordinates ovulation and the readying of the uterus for implantation of fertilized egg
  • Cycle is 28 days on average
  • Cycle begins with menstruation and ends with the start of the next menstrual period
  • A combination of ovarian and uterine cycle
  • Periodic discharge of blood and fluid from uterus - caused by low levels of estrogen and progesterone at end of monthly cycle (hormone withdrawal)
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15
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle:

A
  • Female is born with about 2 million follicles, only about 400 will release a matured ovum
  • Overview: follicle matures, releases an ovum, then follicle forms a corpus luteum (temporary endocrine gland)
  • Two stages of ovarian cycle: follicular and luteal stage
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16
Q

Day 1-5: Flow Phase (uterine)

A
  • Lasts an average of five days
  • Marked by the shedding of endometrial lining
  • Triggered by a decrease in ovarian hormones (particularly progesterone)  stimulates FSH and LH from pituitary
  • Corpus luteum degenerates forming corpus albicans
17
Q

Day 6-13: Follicular Phase (ovarian)

A
  • Increase in FSH from anterior pituitary
  • Governed by estrogen released by developing follicle (which is stimulated by FSH)
  • One follicle is stimulated to mature
  • Estrogen inhibits FSH release -> FSH decreases (negative feedback)
  • Estrogen stimulates the hypothalamus to release GnRH -> LH released from anterior pituitary (LH increases – positive feedback by estrogen)
18
Q

Day 14: Ovulation

A
  • Estrogen peaks just before & LH and FSH levels peak
  • LH triggers ovulation
    Follicle erupts, ovum is released into fallopian tube
  • Female’s temperature peaks (may be used as a contraceptive method or to help in impregnation)
19
Q

Day 15 – 28: Luteal Stage (ovarian)

A
  • LH causes the empty follicle to develop into a corpus luteum
  • Governed by progesterone released by the corpus luteum (stimulated by LH)
  • Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen
  • Estrogen and progesterone inhibit anterior pituitary –> LH and FSH secretion decreased (negative feedback) —>
  • Corpus luteum degenerates —> less estrogen and progesterone secreted
  • FSH secretion not inhibited once drop in hormones —> back to follicular stage (new cycle)
20
Q

If implantation of a Fertilized Egg Occurs…..

A
  • Embryo-supported membranes secrete a hormone called hCG
  • Estrogen and progesterone secretion continues
  • Progesterone maintains endometrium
  • Estrogen stops ovarian cycle (so no more follicles mature)
21
Q

Describe the Uterine Cycle

A
  • On first day of cycle, the corpus luteum has completely degenerated, estrogen and progesterone are low
  • Estrogen released from developing follicle – by day six endometrium begins to thicken
  • After ovulation, progestrone stimulates endometrium to thicken even more (doubles or triples by day 15-23)
  • When corpus luteum degenerates and sex hormones drop, endometrium breaks down and menstruation begins
22
Q

Describe menopause:

A
  • Number of functioning follicles decreases with age
  • Hormone levels drop
  • Menstrual cycle becomes irregular
  • Takes a few years to stop altogether – menopause
  • Decrease of sex hormones disrupts homeostasis of other hormone systems
23
Q
A
  1. Drop in progesterone =
    menstruation or miscarriage
  2. Peak/spike/increase in LH =
    positive ovulation test (for trying to get pregnant)
  3. Peak/spike/increase in HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)=
    positive pregnancy test
    (Made by cells in the placenta; can be detected by urine test/blood test)

bio 30 (20 decks)

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