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Post midterm Histo > Female reproductive system > Flashcards

Female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

General overview of Ovary structure

A
  • covered by simple cuboidal epithelium-germinal epithelium (part of peritoneum)
  • Tunica Albugenia: thick dense irr connective tissue outer layer
  • cortex:connective tisues & ovarian follicles
  • medulla: blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
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2
Q

Development of oocytes

A
  • primordial germ cells arise from embryonic yolk sac–>migrate to developing gonad
  • oogenesis begins during fetal life
  • mitosis of primordial germ cells producies oogonia
  • oogonia transforms to primary oocye (all 600-800k formed before birth, arrested at Prophase I until puberty)
  • only about 400 every ovulate
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3
Q

Primordial Follicle

A
  • most numerous of follicles in cortex
  • oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous cells=follicular cells (tight jxns, basememt membrane face out)
  • 1º oocyte arrested in prophase I
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4
Q

Unilaminar 1º follicle

A
  • FSH from pituitary (adneoyhypophysis, basophil, gonadotrophic cells) stimulates folicular maturation
  • follicular or granulosa cells enlarge and form single layer of cuboidal cells
  • zona pellucida-glycoprotein layer forms around oocyte (secreted by follicular cells)
  • filopodia fo follicular cells and microvilli of oocyte extablish contact, gap jxns (for nourishment)
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5
Q

1º follicle

A
  • granulosa cells undergo mitosis to produces multilaminar 1º follicle (these cells are epithelial, there is a basement membrane from stroma)
  • Connective tisses spearate into 2 zones: Theca Interna (Ti) next to follicular cells; Theca Externa continuous with stroma)
  • Theca intera cells: steroid secreting (adrostenedione)
  • granulosa cells secrete aromatase (CYP 19): androstenedione to estrogen
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6
Q

Theca interna

A
  • inner layer of connective tissue cells surrounding 1º follicle
  • steroid secreting (adrostenedione)
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7
Q

Theca externa

A
  • outer layer of connective tissue surrounding 1º follicle

- continuous with stroma

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8
Q

2º follicle

A
  • appearance of Antrum: fluid (liquor follicle) filled cavity, hormone rich fluid–>hormones secreted by granulosa cells
  • corona radiata-several layers of granulosa cells surround oocyte
  • cumulus oophros-small hill of granulosa cells (cloud)
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9
Q

Antrum

A
  • hormone-rich fluid surrounding oocyte in 2º/graafian follicle
  • hormones secreted by granulosa cells
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10
Q

Cumulus oophorus

A

-“hill” of granulosa cells which the oocyte and corona radiata sit on

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11
Q

Graafian follice

A
  • mature follicle prior to ovulation
  • continued enlargement of 2º follicle
  • oocyte and corona radiata rest on cumulus oophorus
  • theca interna (TI) exterior to granulosa cells
  • most mature has 2º oocyte and 1st polar body
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12
Q

Ovulation

A
  • surge of lutenizing hormone (from adenohypohysis, basophil)
  • 1º oocyte completes meiosis I–>2º oocyte and 1st polar body (contained in the most mature graafian follicles
  • 2º oocytes enters meiosis II–>stops at metaphase II
  • 2º oocyte and surrounding granulosa (corona radiate) released from ovary
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13
Q

(Follicular) stigma

A
  • visible area on ovary that graafian follicle will burst through
  • sign of impending ovulation
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14
Q

Corpus luteum

A
  • following ovulation rearraingemnt of granulosa cells and theca interna cells (increase and tranulosa lutein and tehca lutein cells) (luteinization)
  • secrete progesterone (prepare endometrium), also some estradiol and inhibin A (inhibit pituitary LH and FSH to prevent development and ovulation of other follicles)
  • in absense of pregnency corpus luteum degenerates to corpus albicans
  • persists and fuctions for first 4-5 months of pregnancy to maintain endometrium
  • filled with carotenoids
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15
Q

Corpus hemorrhagicum

A
  • corpus luteum just after ovulation
  • initially fills with blood
  • other follicles observed involuting
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16
Q

Granulos Lutein cells

A
  • secrete progesterone

- large round cells with central nucleus

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17
Q

Theca lutein cells

A
  • Theca interna cells retain linear characteristics
  • interspersed b/w granulosa lutein cells-few in #
  • secrete progesterone and androgens
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18
Q

Corpus Albicans

A
  • degenerated corpus luteum
  • fibrotic
  • removed by macrophages
  • white scar in ovary
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19
Q

Atretic follicle

A
  • FSH stimulates many primordial follicles but generally only 1 relases ovum
  • others degenerate to atretic follicles
  • breakdown of oocyte, zona pellucida, and granulosa
  • thickened basement membranes
20
Q

Fallopian tubes

A
  • aka Oviduct or Uterine tubes
  • pair of fibromuscular tubes
  • Mucosa thrown into longitudinal folds-exaggerated in infundibulum and ampulla (and progressivelly less so)
  • Parts:
  • infundibulum: thin, highly folded, no false lumen
  • ampulla: slightly blunted, thicker
  • isthmus: highly blunted
  • intrauterine (intramural): flattened, muscles thickend
21
Q

Oviduct epithelium

A
  • Ciliated simple columnar epithelia cells-most numerous in infundibulum and ampulla (almost 75%)
  • secretory or Peg cells: non ciliated and wdged b/w ciliated cells; secrete nutritive material for ovum (glycoproteins)
  • ratio varies as you move from infundibulum to intramural portion (increase peg cells, decrease ciliated til by intramural peg>cilia)
22
Q

Movement of oocyte

A

combination of ciliary movements and peristaltic muscular activity (smooth muscle layer/muscularis)

23
Q

Uterus

A
  • muscular
  • prodie protective and nutritive environment
  • fundus, body and cervix

Wall: 3 layers

  • Inner Endometrium (glandular)
  • Middle Myometrium (muscular)
  • outer Perimetrium (lined by sersa/adventitia)
24
Q

Myometrium

A
  • interlacing bands of smooth muscle fibers
  • contract under influcene of oxytocin at parturition
  • hyperplasia and hypertrophy during pregnancy
  • after child birth some muscle fibers degenerate, others shrink to normal size
  • collagen produced during pregnancy is degraded
25
Q

Endometrium

A
  • Functional region: changes dramatically during each menstrual cycle (phases), lost if no pregnancy (mesnstrual debris) (stratum functionale)
  • Basal Region: close to myometrium, retained druing menstruation, has stem cells for next cycle (stratum basale)
  • simple columnar epithelium
26
Q

Proliferative phase

A
  • estrogen or follicular phase
  • 5-14 days
  • begins at the cessation of menstruation
  • under influence of ovarian estrogen:
  • glands and blood vessels increase in size
  • uterine endometrium lengthens
  • glandular and stromal tissues proliferate
  • spiral arteries lengthen and coild slightly
27
Q

Secretory phase

A
  • progesterogen or luteal phase
  • commeces with ovulation
  • spiral arteries (lenghen, coilded almost to surface) and glands continue develompemtn under influence of progesterone
  • glands elongated, coiled and dilated (cork-screw/saw-toothed)
  • endometrium attains greatest hight

Early:

  • epithelium»glands (glands slightly elongateed and coiled)
  • basale-straigt arteries
  • functionale-spiral arteries

Late:

  • glands-elongated, coilded, dialated (saw tooth)
  • epitehelial cells store and release glycogen and proteins
  • basale-straigt arteries
  • functionale-spiral arteries
28
Q

Menstrual phase

A
  • stroma engorged with blood
  • walls of blood vessles leaky–>glandular epithelium degenerates
  • functional region shed
  • spiral arteries have progesterone receptors–>lack of progesterone leads to ischemia and menstruation
  • basal region intact
29
Q

Endocervix

A

mucous membrane lining cervical canal and region at internal OS, entering into uterus

30
Q

Ectocervix

A

cervix extending into/facing vagina –>stratified squamous non-keritinized epithelium

31
Q

Wall of cervix

A
  • wall has dense connective tissue
  • mucous secreting glands
  • these glands can become occluded–>Nabothian cysts
  • Internal Os simple columnar epithelium (not lost during menstruation
32
Q

Cervical mucous

A
  • change viscosity druing menstrual cycle
  • midcycle: watery to allow passage of sperm
  • other times: viscous to prevent spread of bacteria and restrict passage of sprm
33
Q

Nabothian cysts

A
  • cysts formed in ducts of cervial mucous glands

- benign

34
Q

Pap Smears

A
  • papanicoalu smear–>looking for cervical carcinoma
  • squamous epithelial cell constantly being shed into vagina
  • Transformation (T) zone-squamo-columnar junction: where all precancerous lesions develop (border b/w endo and ectocervix)
35
Q

Cervix in childbirth

A
  • effacement: thinning of cervix

- dialation: internal and external ostiums spread apart

36
Q

Vagina

A
  • fibromuscular canal
  • non keratinized stratified squamous
  • lamina propria lacks glands
  • outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscles
  • some striated muscle may be present (lower part)
  • adventitia
  • transverse folds allow stretching
  • epithelial cells store glycogen during follicular phase of menstrual cycle
  • glyogen is released during shedding of cells
  • vaginal flora (lactobacillus acidophillus)–>convert to lactic acid–>acidic pH prevents infections
37
Q

Placenta

A
  • gas, nutrient, and waste exchange
  • early stages produces hGC
  • fetal and maternal components
  • maternal part: decidua baslis of endometrium
  • fetal portion close to amnion: simple squamous epithelium
  • ancoring villi arise from chorionic plate extend to uterine wall- attache to decidua basal is
  • flotaing villi-intervillous space bathed with maternal blood
38
Q

Chorionic Villus

A
  • outer synctiotrophoblast layer of cells (basophilic)
  • syncitiotrophoblastic cells secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  • inner is cytotrophoblast
  • basal lamina speparates from loose ct core (mesoderm) which contains branches fo umbilical arteries and vein and fibroblasts and Hofbaur’s cells (phagocytic)
  • invervillous space-bathed in maternal blood
39
Q

Mammary Glands

A
  • modified sweat glands
  • 15-25 lobes, compound tubuloalvolar glands
  • glandular elements-arrainged in radial fasion around nipple
  • histology varies with sex age and physiological state of individual
40
Q

Inactive mammary gland

A
  • presence of lobes and lobules
  • not well developed
  • higher stroma/parenchyma
  • few adipocytes prepuberty
  • more adipocytes after puberty–>enlargement
  • glandular componets mostly ducts
  • connected by connective tissue
  • early in menstural cycle–>ducts have little to no lumne
  • ovulation–>secretory cells increasei in height, fluid accumulates in CT
  • flattened nuclei of fibroblasts in CT between alveoli
41
Q

Active/proliferating Gland

A
  • influence of estrogena dn progesterone from corpus luteum and placenta–>duct and secretory cells proliferate
  • developing secretory cells: cuboidal epithelium around central lumen
  • greatest development in last stages of pregnancy
  • loose and cellular (abundant plasma cells) intralobular connective tissue, dense interlobular CT
  • myoepitheial cells–>respond to oxytocin (suckling)–>force milk from alveoli
42
Q

Prolactin

A

-stimulate alvolar cells to secrete lipids, proteins, IgA (antibodies)

43
Q

Nipple and lactiferous ducts

A
  • 15-20 lactiferous ducts dialate before opening at nipple

- sebaceous glands-crections lubricate nipple during suckling

44
Q

Transformation Zone

A
  • T zone/squamo-columnar jxn
  • where cervix changes ecto to endo, strat squamous to sim columnar
  • pre-cancerous lesions form
45
Q

Leiomyoma

A
  • fibroids

- abnormal growth of smooth muscles in myometrium

Post midterm Histo (3 decks)

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