1
Q
General overview of Ovary structure
A
- covered by simple cuboidal epithelium-germinal epithelium (part of peritoneum)
- Tunica Albugenia: thick dense irr connective tissue outer layer
- cortex:connective tisues & ovarian follicles
- medulla: blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
2
Q
Development of oocytes
A
- primordial germ cells arise from embryonic yolk sac–>migrate to developing gonad
- oogenesis begins during fetal life
- mitosis of primordial germ cells producies oogonia
- oogonia transforms to primary oocye (all 600-800k formed before birth, arrested at Prophase I until puberty)
- only about 400 every ovulate
3
Q
Primordial Follicle
A
- most numerous of follicles in cortex
- oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous cells=follicular cells (tight jxns, basememt membrane face out)
- 1º oocyte arrested in prophase I
4
Q
Unilaminar 1º follicle
A
- FSH from pituitary (adneoyhypophysis, basophil, gonadotrophic cells) stimulates folicular maturation
- follicular or granulosa cells enlarge and form single layer of cuboidal cells
- zona pellucida-glycoprotein layer forms around oocyte (secreted by follicular cells)
- filopodia fo follicular cells and microvilli of oocyte extablish contact, gap jxns (for nourishment)
5
Q
1º follicle
A
- granulosa cells undergo mitosis to produces multilaminar 1º follicle (these cells are epithelial, there is a basement membrane from stroma)
- Connective tisses spearate into 2 zones: Theca Interna (Ti) next to follicular cells; Theca Externa continuous with stroma)
- Theca intera cells: steroid secreting (adrostenedione)
- granulosa cells secrete aromatase (CYP 19): androstenedione to estrogen
6
Q
Theca interna
A
- inner layer of connective tissue cells surrounding 1º follicle
- steroid secreting (adrostenedione)
7
Q
Theca externa
A
- outer layer of connective tissue surrounding 1º follicle
- continuous with stroma
8
Q
2º follicle
A
- appearance of Antrum: fluid (liquor follicle) filled cavity, hormone rich fluid–>hormones secreted by granulosa cells
- corona radiata-several layers of granulosa cells surround oocyte
- cumulus oophros-small hill of granulosa cells (cloud)
9
Q
Antrum
A
- hormone-rich fluid surrounding oocyte in 2º/graafian follicle
- hormones secreted by granulosa cells
10
Q
Cumulus oophorus
A
-“hill” of granulosa cells which the oocyte and corona radiata sit on
11
Q
Graafian follice
A
- mature follicle prior to ovulation
- continued enlargement of 2º follicle
- oocyte and corona radiata rest on cumulus oophorus
- theca interna (TI) exterior to granulosa cells
- most mature has 2º oocyte and 1st polar body
12
Q
Ovulation
A
- surge of lutenizing hormone (from adenohypohysis, basophil)
- 1º oocyte completes meiosis I–>2º oocyte and 1st polar body (contained in the most mature graafian follicles
- 2º oocytes enters meiosis II–>stops at metaphase II
- 2º oocyte and surrounding granulosa (corona radiate) released from ovary
13
Q
(Follicular) stigma
A
- visible area on ovary that graafian follicle will burst through
- sign of impending ovulation
14
Q
Corpus luteum
A
- following ovulation rearraingemnt of granulosa cells and theca interna cells (increase and tranulosa lutein and tehca lutein cells) (luteinization)
- secrete progesterone (prepare endometrium), also some estradiol and inhibin A (inhibit pituitary LH and FSH to prevent development and ovulation of other follicles)
- in absense of pregnency corpus luteum degenerates to corpus albicans
- persists and fuctions for first 4-5 months of pregnancy to maintain endometrium
- filled with carotenoids
15
Q
Corpus hemorrhagicum
A
- corpus luteum just after ovulation
- initially fills with blood
- other follicles observed involuting
16
Q
Granulos Lutein cells
A
- secrete progesterone
- large round cells with central nucleus
17
Q
Theca lutein cells
A
- Theca interna cells retain linear characteristics
- interspersed b/w granulosa lutein cells-few in #
- secrete progesterone and androgens
18
Q
Corpus Albicans
A
- degenerated corpus luteum
- fibrotic
- removed by macrophages
- white scar in ovary
19
Q
Atretic follicle
A
- FSH stimulates many primordial follicles but generally only 1 relases ovum
- others degenerate to atretic follicles
- breakdown of oocyte, zona pellucida, and granulosa
- thickened basement membranes
20
Q
Fallopian tubes
A
- aka Oviduct or Uterine tubes
- pair of fibromuscular tubes
- Mucosa thrown into longitudinal folds-exaggerated in infundibulum and ampulla (and progressivelly less so)
- Parts:
- infundibulum: thin, highly folded, no false lumen
- ampulla: slightly blunted, thicker
- isthmus: highly blunted
- intrauterine (intramural): flattened, muscles thickend
21
Q
Oviduct epithelium
A
- Ciliated simple columnar epithelia cells-most numerous in infundibulum and ampulla (almost 75%)
- secretory or Peg cells: non ciliated and wdged b/w ciliated cells; secrete nutritive material for ovum (glycoproteins)
- ratio varies as you move from infundibulum to intramural portion (increase peg cells, decrease ciliated til by intramural peg>cilia)
22
Q
Movement of oocyte
A
combination of ciliary movements and peristaltic muscular activity (smooth muscle layer/muscularis)
23
Q
Uterus
A
- muscular
- prodie protective and nutritive environment
- fundus, body and cervix
Wall: 3 layers
- Inner Endometrium (glandular)
- Middle Myometrium (muscular)
- outer Perimetrium (lined by sersa/adventitia)
24
Q
Myometrium
A
- interlacing bands of smooth muscle fibers
- contract under influcene of oxytocin at parturition
- hyperplasia and hypertrophy during pregnancy
- after child birth some muscle fibers degenerate, others shrink to normal size
- collagen produced during pregnancy is degraded
25
Endometrium
- Functional region: changes dramatically during each menstrual cycle (phases), lost if no pregnancy (mesnstrual debris) (stratum functionale)
- Basal Region: close to myometrium, retained druing menstruation, has stem cells for next cycle (stratum basale)
- simple columnar epithelium
26
Proliferative phase
- estrogen or follicular phase
- 5-14 days
- begins at the cessation of menstruation
- under influence of ovarian estrogen:
- glands and blood vessels increase in size
- uterine endometrium lengthens
- glandular and stromal tissues proliferate
- spiral arteries lengthen and coild slightly
27
Secretory phase
- progesterogen or luteal phase
- commeces with ovulation
- spiral arteries (lenghen, coilded almost to surface) and glands continue develompemtn under influence of progesterone
- glands elongated, coiled and dilated (cork-screw/saw-toothed)
- endometrium attains greatest hight
Early:
- epithelium>>glands (glands slightly elongateed and coiled)
- basale-straigt arteries
- functionale-spiral arteries
Late:
- glands-elongated, coilded, dialated (saw tooth)
- epitehelial cells store and release glycogen and proteins
- basale-straigt arteries
- functionale-spiral arteries
28
Menstrual phase
- stroma engorged with blood
- walls of blood vessles leaky-->glandular epithelium degenerates
- functional region shed
- spiral arteries have progesterone receptors-->lack of progesterone leads to ischemia and menstruation
- basal region intact
29
Endocervix
mucous membrane lining cervical canal and region at internal OS, entering into uterus
30
Ectocervix
cervix extending into/facing vagina -->stratified squamous non-keritinized epithelium
31
Wall of cervix
- wall has dense connective tissue
- mucous secreting glands
- these glands can become occluded-->Nabothian cysts
- Internal Os simple columnar epithelium (not lost during menstruation
32
Cervical mucous
- change viscosity druing menstrual cycle
- midcycle: watery to allow passage of sperm
- other times: viscous to prevent spread of bacteria and restrict passage of sprm
33
Nabothian cysts
- cysts formed in ducts of cervial mucous glands
| - benign
34
Pap Smears
- papanicoalu smear-->looking for cervical carcinoma
- squamous epithelial cell constantly being shed into vagina
- Transformation (T) zone-squamo-columnar junction: where all precancerous lesions develop (border b/w endo and ectocervix)
35
Cervix in childbirth
- effacement: thinning of cervix
| - dialation: internal and external ostiums spread apart
36
Vagina
- fibromuscular canal
- non keratinized stratified squamous
- lamina propria lacks glands
- outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscles
- some striated muscle may be present (lower part)
- adventitia
- transverse folds allow stretching
- epithelial cells store glycogen during follicular phase of menstrual cycle
- glyogen is released during shedding of cells
- vaginal flora (lactobacillus acidophillus)-->convert to lactic acid-->acidic pH prevents infections
37
Placenta
- gas, nutrient, and waste exchange
- early stages produces hGC
- fetal and maternal components
- maternal part: decidua baslis of endometrium
- fetal portion close to amnion: simple squamous epithelium
- ancoring villi arise from chorionic plate extend to uterine wall- attache to decidua basal is
- flotaing villi-intervillous space bathed with maternal blood
38
Chorionic Villus
- outer synctiotrophoblast layer of cells (basophilic)
- syncitiotrophoblastic cells secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- inner is cytotrophoblast
- basal lamina speparates from loose ct core (mesoderm) which contains branches fo umbilical arteries and vein and fibroblasts and Hofbaur's cells (phagocytic)
- invervillous space-bathed in maternal blood
39
Mammary Glands
- modified sweat glands
- 15-25 lobes, compound tubuloalvolar glands
- glandular elements-arrainged in radial fasion around nipple
- histology varies with sex age and physiological state of individual
40
Inactive mammary gland
- presence of lobes and lobules
- not well developed
- higher stroma/parenchyma
- few adipocytes prepuberty
- more adipocytes after puberty-->enlargement
- glandular componets mostly ducts
- connected by connective tissue
- early in menstural cycle-->ducts have little to no lumne
- ovulation-->secretory cells increasei in height, fluid accumulates in CT
- flattened nuclei of fibroblasts in CT between alveoli
41
Active/proliferating Gland
- influence of estrogena dn progesterone from corpus luteum and placenta-->duct and secretory cells proliferate
- developing secretory cells: cuboidal epithelium around central lumen
- greatest development in last stages of pregnancy
- loose and cellular (abundant plasma cells) intralobular connective tissue, dense interlobular CT
- myoepitheial cells-->respond to oxytocin (suckling)-->force milk from alveoli
42
Prolactin
-stimulate alvolar cells to secrete lipids, proteins, IgA (antibodies)
43
Nipple and lactiferous ducts
- 15-20 lactiferous ducts dialate before opening at nipple
| - sebaceous glands-crections lubricate nipple during suckling
44
Transformation Zone
- T zone/squamo-columnar jxn
- where cervix changes ecto to endo, strat squamous to sim columnar
- pre-cancerous lesions form
45
Leiomyoma
- fibroids
| - abnormal growth of smooth muscles in myometrium
Post midterm Histo
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