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Pure- Anatomy And Physiology > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

1- name and describe the two subdivisions of the female reproductive system

A

External genitalia- collectively known as the vulva
Internal genitalia/reproductive organs- vagina, uterus, two uterine tubes and two ovaries

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2
Q

1- what is the external genitalia called?

A

The vulva

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3
Q

1- list as many parts of the external genitalia/vulva as you can

A

Labia minora
Labia majora
Fourchette
Mons pubis
Prepuce
Vestibule
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Greater vestibular glands

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4
Q

1-what is the mons pubis?

A

Rounded pad of fat
Anterior to the symphysis pubis (pubic bone)

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5
Q

1- what is the labia majora?

A

Two fat folds and areolar tissue
Outer surface- skin and pubic hair
Inner surface- smooth

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6
Q

1- what is the labia minora?

A

Two small subcutaneous folds within the labia majora
Upper layer fuses and forms the prepuce covering the clitoris
Fuse posteriorly to form the fourchette

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7
Q

1- what is the prepuce?

A

Retractable skin covering the clitoris
Formed by the labia minora

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8
Q

1- what is the fourchette?

A

Where the labia minora fuse posteriorly

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9
Q

1- what is the vestibule?

A

Enclosed by labia minora
An area where the orifices of the urethra and vagina are situates

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10
Q

1- what is the urethral orifice?

A

External opening of the urethra
Immediately in front of vaginal orifice
On either side lie the openings of skenes ducts

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11
Q

1- what is the vaginal orifice?

A

External opening of the vagina
Partially closed by the hymen (a thin membrane that can tear)

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12
Q

1- what are the greater vestibular glands?

A

Two small glands, they open on either side of the vaginal orifice
Secrete mucus for lubrication

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13
Q

1- what part of the female genitalia is both internal and external?

A

The clitoris

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14
Q

1- describe the external clitoris

A

The clitoral glans
Densely packed with nerve endings

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15
Q

1- describe the internal clitoris

A

Vascular, erectile tissue
The erectile bodies: paired bulbs, paired corpora. Both are continuous with the cura

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16
Q

1- describe the blood supply and nerves to the female genitalia

A

Blood supply-
Pudendal arteries and corresponding veins

Nerve supply-
Pudendal nerve branches

Lymphatic drainage-
Inguinal glands

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17
Q

1- what is the vagina?

A

Canal leading from vestibule to cervix
Passes upwards and backwards into the pelvis

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18
Q

1- what is the function of the vagina?

A

Escape of menstrual flow
Receives penis and it’s ejaculate in intercourse
Exit of foetus during birth

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19
Q

1- describe the anatomical location of the vagina

A

Anterior- bladder
Posterior- rectum
Superior- uterus
Inferior- vulva

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20
Q

1- describe the structure of the vagina

A

Posterior wall- longer (10cm)
Anterior wall- shorter (7.5cm)

Upper end= the vault
Cervix projects into the vault to form fornices

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21
Q

1- describe the three layers of the vagina

A

Lining-
Squamous epithelium
Arranged in rugae
Kept moist by cervical secretions
Acidic

Muscle layer-
Inner- weaker
Outer- stronger longitudinal fibres

Pelvic fascia-
Connective tissue surrounds the vagina

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22
Q

1- what is the uterus?

A

Hollow pear shaped muscular organ

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23
Q

1- describe the position of the uterus

A

Antiversion and antiflexion within the pelvis
Antiversion= leans forwards
Antiflexion= bends forwards upon itself

Weighs about 60 grams

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24
Q

1- what are the five parts of the uterus?

A

Fundus- domed upper wall
Cornuae- where uterine tubes join, outer corners
Body
Cavity- triangular shape within the body
Isthmus- junction of body and cervix

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25
Q

1- name and describe the three layers of the uterus?

A

1- perimetrium
Layer of peritoneum

2- Myometrium
Lots of fibres

3- endometrium
Functional layer- thickens and is shed
Basal layer- regenerates every cycle

26
Q

1- what is the cervix?

A

A canal that is part of the uterus
Made up of columnar epithelium that secretes mucus
Muscle fibres embedded in collagen- allows stretch during labour

27
Q

1- describe the blood and nerve supply to the uterus

A

Blood supply-
Uterine and ovarian arteries- branches if iliac arteries
Venous drainage- corresponding veins

Nerve supply-
11th and 12th thoracic
1st lumbar nerve

Lymphatic drainage-
Lumbar and hypogastric nodes

28
Q

1- what are the uterine tubes?

A

Two tubes, each one leads from the ovary to the uterus

29
Q

1- what is the function of the uterine tubes?

A

Propels ovum towards the uterus from the ovary
Receives spermatozoa and acts as a space for fertilisation
Ciliates columnar epithelium- waft ovum and provide nutrients

30
Q

1- describe the position of the uterine tubes?

A

Extend laterally from the cornua of the uterus
Arch over the ovaries
Fringed at the ends to receive the ovum from the ovaries
Held in place by attachment to ovaries using ovarian ligament

31
Q

1- what are the ovaries?

A

Pair of female glands
Ovum form inside
Hormones oestrogen and progesterone are secreted from them

32
Q

1- describe the position of the ovaries

A

Attached to uterus by ovarian ligaments
Almond shaped
No bigger than 2 or 3cm

33
Q

1- what is the function of the ovaries?

A

Produce oocytes
Produces hormones- oestrogen and progesterone

Ovary is made of the medulla and the cortex
Medulla- supporting framework of fibrous tissue
Cortex- functioning part that contains ovarian follicles

34
Q

2- describe the changes to the breast during puberty

A

Sexually dimorphic breast development= female breast development under the influence of sex hormones

Ductal development and branching
Lobular development
Nipple size increase
Areolar pigmentation
Cyclical changes (cycle orientated)

35
Q

2- describe the changes to the breast during the menstrual cycle

A

Changes in texture- glands increase in size
Swelling- hormonal changes
Tenderness

All of these minimise when the hormones oestrogen and progesterone lower

36
Q

2- describe the changes to the breast during pregnancy

A

Prickling sensation- due to increased blood supply
Visible surface veins
Areolar darkens
Montgomery tubercles get larger and secrete more sebum
Colostrum is synthesised and can be expressed, may leak at later stages
Nipple more prominent- due to progesterone

37
Q

3- describe the overall anatomy of the breast (in regards to fat, lobes and lobules)

A

Each breast are secretory glands, known as mammary glands
Position: between second and sixth rib, extend laterally from the sternum, lie anterior to pectoralis major muscle
Each breast has varying proportions of fat
Each breast has varying proportions of glandular tissue- separated by connective tissue into lobes
Lobes divide into lobules
Lobules are made of alveoli and ducts

38
Q

3- what is the function of the areolar?

A

Tough and supportive
Acts as a visual guide for babies to find during breast feeding

39
Q

3- what is the function of the nipple?

A

Around 20 ducts are connected to the nipple to provide an exit route for milk
Smooth muscles allow it to become errect

40
Q

3- what is the function of the Montgomery tubules?

A

Oil glands that appear as small bumps around the nipple
They lubricate and keep germs away from the breast
Secrete sebum

41
Q

3- what are lobes?

A

Like segments if an orange
4-18 lobes in each breast
Composed of glandular tissue divided by connective tissue

42
Q

3- what are lobules?

A

Orange segment analogy
Subdivisions of each lobe
Consists of alveoli and ducts (up to 100 alveoli in each duct)

43
Q

3- what are alveoli? Describe their function

A

Tiny hollow sacs connected by ducts
The basi glandular unit of the breast
Contain acini cells (secretory cells) that are responsible for secreting milk
Surrounded by myoepithelial cells of smooth muscle
Lymphocytes are wedged between the acini cells- locally produced antibodies (IgA) into milk

44
Q

3- what is the Ductal system?

A

Road system analogy

Complex network of lactiferous ducts
Arise from alveoli to form even larger ducts
Transport milk through the breast to the nipple
Can dilate up to 58% during milk ejection
Nearer to the nipple, the ducts are more easily compressed

45
Q

3- what are the three types of fat in the breast tissue?

A

Subcutaneous- superficial and closest to surface
Intraglandular- sits n the middle
Retroglandular- deepest fat layer in the breast, closest to intercostal muscles

46
Q

3- what is the function of coopers ligaments?

A

Maintain shape and structure of the breast and prevent sagging

47
Q

3- what function does glandular tissue perform?

A

Glandular tissue is home to ducts and lobes that produce milk

48
Q

3- describe blood and nerve supply to the breasts

A

Blood supply-
Internal and external mammary arteries
Intercostal arteries
Venous return- corresponding veins

Nerve supply-
4th, 5th and 6th thoracic nerves

Lymphatic drainage-
Lymph drains between both breasts into lymph nodes

49
Q

4- why is breastfeeding important for the baby?

A

Natural form of protection from illness
Includes: infection, obesity, SIDS, heart issues

Connection and hormones are released

Bonding

50
Q

4- give three main reasons why human milk is so special

A

It is matched to the needs of the baby
It has live constituents
Protects the baby’s gut

51
Q

4- explain how human milk is matched to the needs of the baby

A

Constituents if the milk change depending on baby’s age, when it’s born, it’s environment etc

52
Q

3- explain how human milk has live constituents

A

Not been pasteurised
Live microbes are crucial in providing baby with healthy bacteria

53
Q

3- explain how human milk protects the baby’s gut

A

Newborns have something called ‘leaky gut’, which harmful bacteria easily latch onto
Human milk coats the wall if the gut to stop harmful bacteria from entering

54
Q

4- how does human milk support the baby’s immune system?

A

Human milk transfers immunoglobulins which support the immune system

55
Q

4- describe the roles each of the five immunoglobulins in breast milk perform for the baby’s immune system

A

IgM-
Increases responsiveness to vaccines

IgA-
Goats gut wall and prevents the mucosa from allowing entry if harmful bacteria
Protection from: ecoli, salmonellae, streptococci…

IgD-
Combats disease without causing inflammation

IgG-
Transfers across placenta to provide passive immunity during breastfeeding

IgE-
There are small quantities in breast milk for a longer period than cows milk, but we do not know the implications it has

56
Q

4- describe the composition of human milk

A

Water- 87%
Protein- 1%
Lipid- 4%
Carbohydrate- 7%

57
Q

5- what is the term that describes how milk is made?

A

Lactogenesis

Prolactin- synthesises milk in the acini cell
Glucose and amino acids in blood- later form milk
Acini cell secretes milk, across cell membrane, into alveoli lumin

58
Q

5- describe the role of prolactin in lactation, with reference to prolactin receptor theory

A

Prolactin ORDERS milk

Anterior pituitary releases prolactin hormone,
In pregnancy prolactin is produced, however, placental hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) suppress milk production
Placenta birthed,
Oestrogen and progesterone drop,
Prolactin activates milk production in the acini cells

At nighttime= higher prolactin
Baby suckles= higher prolactin

Need early and frequent access to breast- is like ordering lunch at breakfast time

Prolactin receptor theory:
Lock and key hypothesis
- surges of prolactin prime the receptor sites
- unprimed receptor sites shut down, so prevent potential for milk production
- early skin contact and lots of feeds maintain this

59
Q

5- describe the role of oxytocin in lactation

A

Oxytocin RELEASES milk

Works on muscle (myo epithelial) cells to push out the milk
Pulsates
Induces feelings of love

Baby near= oxytocin higher
Stress= oxytocin lower

Endogenous oxytocin- NATURAL and crosses the blood brain barrier
Induces feelings of love and is stimulated by touch
Synthetic oxytocin- UNNATURAL and does not cross the blood brain barrier
Doesn’t evoke the same feelings that endogenous oxytocin does

60
Q

5- describe the milk ejection reflex

A

Also known as the ‘let down’ reflex

Tactile breast stimulation,
Signals to posterior pituitary,
Releases oxytocin,
Oxytocin makes myo epithelial cells contract!
Milk forced into lactiferous ducts,
Milk ejected

Starts off unconditioned and later becomes a conditioned reflex

61
Q

5- what is FIL? What role does FIL play?

A

= Feedback Inhibitor of Lactation

FIL is secreted within milk
Regular removal of milk ensures ongoing production of milk
Regular removal also prevents engorged breasts

Build up of FIL= stops milk being produced
Removal of FIL= promotes milk production

62
Q

5- how is lactation controlled (with reference to auto crime and exocrine control)

A

ENDOCRINE control
-systemic (both breasts receive hormones)
-pituitary gland produces oxytocin and prolactin
-oxytocin (for release of milk)
-prolactin (for milk production)

AUTOCRINE control
-local (one breast receives messages)
-FIL
-FIL build up= stops milk creation
-FIL removal= promotes milk creation

Pure- Anatomy And Physiology (11 decks)

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