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Physiology module 9 > Female reproductive physiology > Flashcards

Female reproductive physiology Flashcards

1
Q

GnRH acts via the

A

IP3 mechanism

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2
Q

secrete GnRH into the hypothalamic– hypophysial portal blood

A

Arcuate nuclei

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3
Q

GnRH smulates the anterior pituitary to secrete

A

FSH and LH

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4
Q

In male

FSH secretes?

A

Sertoli cell/

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5
Q

In male

LH secretes?

A

Leydigcell/ theca cell

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6
Q

Sertoli cell secretes?

A

Granulosa cell

Inhibin

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7
Q

Function of granulosa cell?

A

Spermatogenesis

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8
Q

Function of inhibin?

A

Negative feedback of FSH secretion

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9
Q

Function of leydig/theca cell

A

Testosterone synthesis

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10
Q

PUBERTY is iniated by the onset of

A

Pulsatile GnRH

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11
Q

Ovulaon is suppressed as long as lactaon connues because of

A

Prolactin

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12
Q

Prolactin effect in suppression of ovulation

A

Inhibits hypothalamic GnRH secreon

Antagonizes the acons of LH and FSH on the ovaries

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13
Q

Action of FSH

A

Steroidogenesis in the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum
– Follicular development beyond the antralstage
– Ovulaon
– Luteinizaon

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14
Q

Action of LH

A

Smulates ovulaon,
formation of corpus luteum,
and synthesis of estrogen and progesterone (ovary

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15
Q

FSH and LH is related structurally to what hormone?

A

TSH

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16
Q

Alpha sub unit

A

Identical

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17
Q

Beta sub unit

A

Unique

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18
Q

FSH, L H and TSH are belong to one family

A

Glycoprotein family

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19
Q

Enzyme that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone?

A

Desmolase

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20
Q

Enzyme that converts orticosterone to aldosterone

A

Ldosteone synthase

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21
Q

Enzyme that convert deoxycortisol to cortiol

A

Hydroxylase

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22
Q

Enzyme that convert testosterone to estradiol

A

Aromatase

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23
Q

Stimulate desmolase?

A

ACTH

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24
Q

Estrogen Causes maturation and maintenance of the

A

Fallopian tube, uterus, cervix and vagina

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25
Q

Estrogen Causes the development of female

A

Secondary sex characteristics at puberty

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26
Q

Estrogen Has both __________ and ________effects on FSH and LH secreon

A

Negative and positve feedback

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27
Q

Ovary

A

Estradiol ( most potent)

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28
Q

Placenta

A

Estriol ( pregnancy )

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29
Q

Addipose tissue

A

Estrone ( menopause )

Via aromatization

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30
Q

Estogen potency

A

estradiol > estriol > estrone

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31
Q

Estrogen Causes proliferaon and development of

A

Ovarian ganulosa cell

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32
Q

Estrogen maintains

A

Pregnancy

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33
Q

Estrogen Lowers the ____________to ___________ during pregnancy

A

Uterine threshold

Contractile stimuli

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34
Q

Estrogen stimulates prolactin secretion but not in

A

Breast

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35
Q

Progesterone Has negave feedback effects on FSH and LH secreon during

A

Luteal phase

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36
Q

Raises the uterine threshold to contracle smuli during pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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37
Q

Progesterone Parcipates in development of the

A

Breast

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38
Q

How many primary oocyte at birth

A

2 million

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39
Q

How many primary oocyte at onset of puberty

A

400,000

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40
Q

Remaining follicles are depleted at a rate of _____ follicles per month unl age ___

A

1000

35

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41
Q

Aer 35 yo, the rate becomes ( reducing number of follicles )

A

Faster

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42
Q

400 follicles are normally released during female reproducve life

A

400 oppurtunities of pregnancy

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43
Q

99.9% of follicles undergo

A

Atresia via apoptosis

44
Q

Primary oocytes begin Meiosis I during ________and complete meiosis I just before _________

A

Fetal life

Ovulation

45
Q

Meiosis begins but levels of proteins required for completion of meiosis are too low

A

Oocyte arrest ot prophase 1

46
Q

Oocytes arrst at prophase 1 until?

47
Q

As the oocyte grows, it synthesizes enough proteins (CDK 1, cyclin) to complete meiosis but HIGH cAMP levels actively maintain arrest Therefore: Primary oocyte is

A

Meiotically competent but arrested

48
Q

A few hours after OVULATION , oocyte completes meiosis I, and Meiosis II is arrested at __________until ___________

A

Metaphase 2

Fertilization

49
Q

If fertilization does not occur within 1 day à secondary oocyte

A

Degenerates

50
Q

Day 1- 14 of menstrual cycle

A

Follicular phase

Antral - dominant follicle

51
Q

Increase progesterone because of corpus luteum

A

Lutheal phase

52
Q

If sperm penetrate the dominant follicle it will begin

A

Fertilization or implantation

53
Q

Increase during pregnancy, or positive in pregnancy

54
Q

Gonadotrophins

A

HCG, FSH, LH

55
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Estrogen and progesterone

56
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Antrial follicle
Dominant follicle
Corpus luteum
Fertilization ( if sperm penetrate )

57
Q

Antral follicle

A

During menses

58
Q

Dominant follicle

A

Before and during ovulation

59
Q

Increase during ovulation; increase during pregnancy. (Steroid hormone)

60
Q

Steroid hormone that increase during luteal phase and also increase during pregnancy

A

Progesterone

61
Q

Increase FSH, LH and estradiol during?

62
Q

Decrease FSH and LH during?

A

Luteal phase and menses

63
Q

Progesterone and estrogen secretes after?

64
Q

Regular days of mense

65
Q

Follicular- ovary

A

Proliferative- uterus

66
Q

Luteal- ovary

A

Secretory- uterus

67
Q

Normal cycle

68
Q

Ovulation in irregular cycle

A

Days of cycle -14

69
Q

muscular tubes with the distal ends close to the surface of each ovary and the proximal ends traversing the wall of the uterus

70
Q

4 secons of oviducts (distal to proximal

A

Infudibullum + fimbriae
Ampulla
Isthmus
Intramural or uterine segment

71
Q

Where fertilization occur?

A

Ampullary- isrhmus junction

72
Q

Site for sperm storage §  Secrete fluids that provide nutrional support to preimplantaon embryo

A

Ampullary-isthmus junction

73
Q

single organ that sits in the midline of the pelvic cavity between the bladder and the rectum

74
Q

Innermost utrerus

A

Endometrium mucosa

75
Q

Middle uterus

A

Myometrium three layered muscularis layer

76
Q

Outermost uterus

A

Perimetrium serosa

77
Q

which is the poron that rises superiorly from the entrance of the oviducts

78
Q

which makes up most of the uterus

A

Body of the uterus

79
Q

short narrowed part of the body at its inferior end

80
Q

About two thirds of the luminal side of the endometrium is lost during menstruation and is called the

A

Functional zone or stratum functionalis

81
Q

The basal third of the endometrium that remains after menstruation is called the

A

Basal zone or stratum basale

82
Q

The basal zone is fed by ______________ that are separate from the spiral arteries, and it contains all the cell types of the endometrium

A

Straight arteries

83
Q

Cell type of endothelium

A

Epithelial cell
Stromal cell
Endothelial cell

84
Q

The endocervical canal is lined by a _______________ that secretes __________in a hormonally responsive manner

A

Simple columnar epithelium

Cervical mucus

85
Q

In cervix

Stimulates the production of a copious quanty of thin, watery, slightly alkaline mucus that is an ideal environment for sperm

86
Q

In cervix

stimulates the producon of a scant, viscous, slightly acidic mucus that is hostile to sperm

A

Progesteron

87
Q

Lining epithelium of vagina

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

88
Q

The _______________ of the vaginal epithelium are connually desquamang, and the nature of these cells is influenced by the hormonal environment

A

Superficial cell

89
Q

In vagina

smulates proliferaon of the vaginal epithelium and increases its glycogen content

90
Q

The glycogen is metabolized to lacc acid by commensal lactobacilli, thereby maintaining an acidic environment

A

inhibits infecon by noncommensal bacteria and fungi

91
Q

increases the desquamaon of epithelial cells of vagina

A

Progesterone

92
Q

Estrogen is required for closure of the _____________ of long bones in both sexes

A

Epiphysial plates

93
Q

Estrogen promotes the survival of osteoblasts and apoptosis of osteoclasts, thereby favoring bone formaon over resorpon

A

Bone anabolic effect

94
Q

smulates intesnal Ca++ absorpon

A

Calciotropic effect

95
Q

The overall effect of estradiol-‐17β on the liver is to

A

Improve circulating lipoprotein profiles

96
Q

Increases expression of the LDL receptor, thereby increasing clearance of cholesterol-‐rich LDL parcles by the liver. – increases circulang levels of HDL

A

Effects of estrogen and progesterone in th liver

97
Q

have significantly less cardiovascular disease than men or postmenopausal women do

A

Premenopausal women

98
Q

Estrogen promotes vasodilaon through increased producon of _________ relaxes vascular smooth muscle and inhibits platelet acvaon

A

Nitric oxide

99
Q

Effects of estrogen and progesterone

increases _____________ producon and deposion in the dermis and promotes wound healing

A

Glycosaminoglycan

100
Q

increase collagen synthesis and inhibit (along with progesterone) the breakdown of collagen by suppressing matrix ____________

A

Metalloproteinases

101
Q

Estrogen is _________________ : inhibits neuronal cell death in response to hypoxia or other insults

A

Neuroprotective

102
Q

Progesterone: increase the set point for thermoregulaon, thereby elevang body temperature approximately 0.5°F. à  basis for using body temperature measurements to determine whether ____________ has occurred

103
Q

Loss of progesterone on demise of the corpus luteum of menstruaon is the basis for

A

premenstrual dysphoria (premenstrual syndrome [PMS

104
Q

Estrogen decreases adipose ssue by decreasing lipoprotein lipase acvity and

A

Increasing hormone sensitive lipase

105
Q

Loss of estrogen results in the accumulaon of adipose tissue, especially in the

Physiology module 9 (1 decks)

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