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Pathophys > Female Reproductive Disorders > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of vestibular glands are Bartholins glands and where are the located?

A
  • greater vestibular glands
  • on either side of vaginal orifice
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2
Q

What kind of vestibular glands are Skenes glands and where are the located?

A
  • lesser vestibular glands
  • closer to external urethral meatus
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3
Q

What is the vaginal pH before puberty and after menopause?

A

pH 7

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4
Q

During the reproductive years, the vaginal pH becomes more acidic (4-5), why does this happen?

A

due to increased growth in lactobacillus

(helps prevent infection)

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5
Q

Describe the transformation zone in the cervix: (hint: has to do with epithelium)

A

where simple columnar epithelium becomes stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

Name the layers of the uterus:

A
  • endometrium
  • myometrium
  • perimetrium
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7
Q

What layer of the endometrium is lost during menstruation?

A

the functional layer

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8
Q

What two hormones are increased during menstruation?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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9
Q

Name the phases of the menstrual cycle:

A
  • menstrual phase
  • post menstrual phase (proliferative phase)
  • secretory phase
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10
Q

What menstrual phase has the highest levels of estrogen?

A

post menstrual (proliferative) phase

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11
Q

What menstrual phase has high levels of LH?

A

secretory phase
(LH converts reply follicle into corpus luteum)

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12
Q

The corpus luteum produces high levels of _______. Its glands secrete ______ into the uterus to eventually make _______.

A

progesterone; glycogen; progesterone

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13
Q

What are the two normal positions of the uterus?

A

anteverted and anteflexed
(anteflexed bc bent over bladder)

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14
Q

What is the most abnormal position of the uterus and what degree is it?

A

retroversion (third degree)

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15
Q

During menopause a prolapsed uterus can occur because of what?

A

a decrease in hormones

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16
Q

What degree of a prolapsed uterus is when the cervix is displaced into the vagina?

A

1st degree

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17
Q

What is the treatment for a prolapsed uterus?

A

implant a pessary

18
Q

Describe primary amenorrhea:

A

where a woman never gets her first period

(first period = menarche)

19
Q

Describe secondary amenorrhea:

A

menarche occurred but menstruation has stopped due to stress, rapid wight loss, anemia, etc.

20
Q

Primary dysmenorrhea is due to what?

A

xs prostaglandin F2a

21
Q

What medication can be given for dysmenorrhea and inhibits prostaglandin synthesis?

A

NSAIDs

22
Q

Secondary dysmenorrhea is due to what?

A

endometriosis, PID, PMS, uterine polyps

23
Q

What type of secondary dysmenorrhea do some women needs SSRIs for their sx?

A

PMS

(3-5% of women have severe PMS sx… super depressed, fatigued, etc. need SSRIs)

24
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

endometrial tissue implanted outside the uterus like in the ovaries, ligaments, colon etc.

25
Q

A chocolate cyst can occur in what type of secondary dysmenorrhea?

A

endometriosis

26
Q

What type of infection is candidiasis?

A

opportunistic

27
Q

List two STDs and two non-STD that causes PID (pelvic inflammatory disorder):

A

STD = neisseria gonorrhoeae
STD = chlamydia trachomatis
Non-STD = bacteroides
Non-STD = enterococcus

28
Q

What type of female reproductive inflammatory disease is associated with lower abdomen pain that increases when walking?

A

PID

29
Q

What is the first sign of large fibroids (leiomyoma)?

A

heavy menstrual flow

30
Q

Fibroids are benign tumors of the ______.

A

endometrium

31
Q

What is another name for PCOS?

A

stein-leventhal syndrome

32
Q

What are two treatments for PCOS?

A

hormone therapy and insulin resistance

(50% of women with PCOS will suffer from insulin resistance, treat with metformin!)

33
Q

There are 3 categories of fibrocystic breast disease, which category involves microcysts and fibroadenomas as well as epithelial hyperplasia of ducts?

A

2nd category

34
Q

Breast CA can metastasize to what 4 places?

A

bone, liver, brain, lungs

(don’t forget this!!)

35
Q

If a breast tumor is responsive to estrogen, what medication should you give?

A

Tamoxifen (Novadex)

(blocks estrogen receptors)

36
Q

Why is cervical CA on the decline?

A

pap smears

37
Q

Cervical CA is strongly linked with which two sexually transmitted diseases?

A

HSV2 (herpes) & HPV

38
Q

Cervical dysplasia occurs where?

A

at transformation zone

(begins in squamous cells in lower part of cervix)

39
Q

What does carcinoma in situ mean?

A

still inside basal membrane

40
Q

What are leiomyosarcomas derived from?

A

connective tissue or muscle

(super poor prognosis!!)

41
Q

What is considered the “silent tumor”?

A

ovarian CA

Pathophys (6 decks)

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