Female Reproductive Disorders Flashcards
What kind of vestibular glands are Bartholins glands and where are the located?
- greater vestibular glands
- on either side of vaginal orifice
What kind of vestibular glands are Skenes glands and where are the located?
- lesser vestibular glands
- closer to external urethral meatus
What is the vaginal pH before puberty and after menopause?
pH 7
During the reproductive years, the vaginal pH becomes more acidic (4-5), why does this happen?
due to increased growth in lactobacillus
(helps prevent infection)
Describe the transformation zone in the cervix: (hint: has to do with epithelium)
where simple columnar epithelium becomes stratified squamous epithelium
Name the layers of the uterus:
- endometrium
- myometrium
- perimetrium
What layer of the endometrium is lost during menstruation?
the functional layer
What two hormones are increased during menstruation?
estrogen and progesterone
Name the phases of the menstrual cycle:
- menstrual phase
- post menstrual phase (proliferative phase)
- secretory phase
What menstrual phase has the highest levels of estrogen?
post menstrual (proliferative) phase
What menstrual phase has high levels of LH?
secretory phase
(LH converts reply follicle into corpus luteum)
The corpus luteum produces high levels of _______. Its glands secrete ______ into the uterus to eventually make _______.
progesterone; glycogen; progesterone
What are the two normal positions of the uterus?
anteverted and anteflexed
(anteflexed bc bent over bladder)
What is the most abnormal position of the uterus and what degree is it?
retroversion (third degree)
During menopause a prolapsed uterus can occur because of what?
a decrease in hormones
What degree of a prolapsed uterus is when the cervix is displaced into the vagina?
1st degree
What is the treatment for a prolapsed uterus?
implant a pessary
Describe primary amenorrhea:
where a woman never gets her first period
(first period = menarche)
Describe secondary amenorrhea:
menarche occurred but menstruation has stopped due to stress, rapid wight loss, anemia, etc.
Primary dysmenorrhea is due to what?
xs prostaglandin F2a
What medication can be given for dysmenorrhea and inhibits prostaglandin synthesis?
NSAIDs
Secondary dysmenorrhea is due to what?
endometriosis, PID, PMS, uterine polyps
What type of secondary dysmenorrhea do some women needs SSRIs for their sx?
PMS
(3-5% of women have severe PMS sx… super depressed, fatigued, etc. need SSRIs)
What is endometriosis?
endometrial tissue implanted outside the uterus like in the ovaries, ligaments, colon etc.
A chocolate cyst can occur in what type of secondary dysmenorrhea?
endometriosis
What type of infection is candidiasis?
opportunistic
List two STDs and two non-STD that causes PID (pelvic inflammatory disorder):
STD = neisseria gonorrhoeae
STD = chlamydia trachomatis
Non-STD = bacteroides
Non-STD = enterococcus
What type of female reproductive inflammatory disease is associated with lower abdomen pain that increases when walking?
PID
What is the first sign of large fibroids (leiomyoma)?
heavy menstrual flow
Fibroids are benign tumors of the ______.
endometrium
What is another name for PCOS?
stein-leventhal syndrome
What are two treatments for PCOS?
hormone therapy and insulin resistance
(50% of women with PCOS will suffer from insulin resistance, treat with metformin!)
There are 3 categories of fibrocystic breast disease, which category involves microcysts and fibroadenomas as well as epithelial hyperplasia of ducts?
2nd category
Breast CA can metastasize to what 4 places?
bone, liver, brain, lungs
(don’t forget this!!)
If a breast tumor is responsive to estrogen, what medication should you give?
Tamoxifen (Novadex)
(blocks estrogen receptors)
Why is cervical CA on the decline?
pap smears
Cervical CA is strongly linked with which two sexually transmitted diseases?
HSV2 (herpes) & HPV
Cervical dysplasia occurs where?
at transformation zone
(begins in squamous cells in lower part of cervix)
What does carcinoma in situ mean?
still inside basal membrane
What are leiomyosarcomas derived from?
connective tissue or muscle
(super poor prognosis!!)
What is considered the “silent tumor”?
ovarian CA
