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Patho Exam 4 > Female Reproductive > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

name the internal female reproductive organs

A
  • ovaries
  • uterus
  • fallopian tubes
  • vagina
  • breasts
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2
Q

describe maturation of female reproductive organs (during puberty)

A

During puberty:
1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH (gonadotropic releasing hormones) = stimulates Pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
2. FSH & LH activate ovaries to secrete estrogen and progesterone
= mensuration

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3
Q

describe menarche

A

first episode of menstrual bleeding (millions of immature eggs but ~300 mature during menses)

  1. Ovary starts to release an ovum
  2. During this period -> puberty starts
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4
Q

describe menopause

A
  • The permanent cessation of menstrual cycle
  • compensatory: FSH is elevated to try to stimulate the ovaires
  • Perimenopause- gradual decline in hormone production, may last for years
  • Physiologic changes: erratic menses, atrophic vaginitis, vasomotor instability (high BP, palpitations)
    = hot flashes, night sweats, irritable, insomnia, painful intercourse (dyspareunia) b/c of atrophic vaginitis
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5
Q

what gland is the breast

A

mammary gland

- contains 15-25 glandular secretions (called breast lobule)

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6
Q

what is thelarche

A

onset of breast tissue development

= stimulated by the pituitary gland and the hormones at puberty

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7
Q

describe proliferation of breast tissue

A

Proliferation of breast tissue and lactation occur in pregnancy
= This is influenced by hormones Prolactin, and Oxytocin

  • milk production is stimulated by prolactin
  • milk release is stimulated by oxytocin
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8
Q

what is a fibrocystic breast

A

contains benign, movable, tender mass that changes in size with the menstrual cycle

  • does NOT increase the susceptibility to breast cancer
  • rarely happens after menopause unless they are taking hormone replacement therapy
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9
Q

name the menstrual disorders

A
  1. amenorrhea
  2. dysmenorrhea
  3. menorragia
  4. metrorrhagia
  5. oligomenorrhea
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10
Q

what is amenorrhea; primary and secondary

A
  • Absence of menstrual period
  1. Primary – absence of menses by age 15
    = caused by genetics, probs with hypothalamus or pituitary gland, and ovarian failure (immature)
  2. Secondary – lack of menses for more than 3 months after the woman has started menstruating
    —>Asherman’s syndrome- lack of uterine endothelial lining due to scarring
    = scarring can be due to frequent abortions (spontaneous or planned) or D&C (dilation & curettage)

= can also be caused by drastic weight loss, eating disorders, severe or chronic stress/anxiety, and significant weight gain

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11
Q

what is dysmenorrhea

A
  • Painful menstrual period due to release of prostaglandins
    = Pelvic cramping that radiates to groin, back and legs

prostaglandin F is a uterine muscle stimulant and a vasoconstrictor within the uterus

treatment: NSAIDs (inhibit prostaglandins)

causes:
1. primary: unknown, some women are just prone

  1. secondary:
    - hormonal imbalance
    - ovarian cysts
    - endometriosis
    - PID
    - cancer
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12
Q

what is menorrhagia

A

Excessive menstrual bleeding
- menses that last longer than 7 days, or bleeding is greater than 80mL

causes:

  • hormonal imbalance
  • tumors
  • ovarian disorders
  • bleeding disorders
  • taking AC
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13
Q

what is metrorrhagia

A

Excessive uterine bleeding

  • mensuration happens at more frequent intervals
  • normal is 21-40 day cycle

causes:

  • hormonal imbalance
  • tumors
  • ovarian disorders
  • bleeding disorders
  • taking AC
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14
Q

what is oligomenorrhea

A

irregular periods w/ a long time in between them

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15
Q

what is endometritis

A

an infection/inflammation of the uterus

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16
Q

causes of endometritis w/ most and least common

A
  1. Instrumentation
  2. Abortion
  3. Childbirth - least common
  4. IUD

Note: ascending infection from vagina is the most common culprit!

17
Q

common microorganisms that cause endometritis

A
  1. Gonococcus
  2. Chlamydia
  3. trachomatis
  4. Enterococcus
18
Q

s/s of endometritis

A
  • abnormal vaginal bleeding
  • uterine tenderness
  • fever
  • foul-smelling discharges
19
Q

diagnostics for endometritis

A

Endocervical culture must be obtained for gonorrhea and/or chlamydia

Other tests:

  • Blood culture, urine culture and analysis
  • CT scan or ultrasound of the lower abdomen to check for any retained tissue from things like an abortion
20
Q

common microorganisms that cause cervicitis

A
  • HIV
  • gonococci
  • trichomonas
  • chlamydia
  • HPV
  • herpes simplex
21
Q

s/s related to cervicitis

A
  • erythema and edema to cervix
  • purulent discharges

Note: some inflammatory changes may resemble precancerous lesions

22
Q

female external repro organs

A

vulva, composed of the

  • mons pubis
  • labia: minora and majora
23
Q

describe the ovaries

A

(2 total): oocyte, produce female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

24
Q

describe the uterus

A

womb, where fertilized ovum called a zygote will be planted into the uterus

  • 3 layers:
    1. outermost: serosal
    2. muscle/bulk: myometrium
    3. innermost: endometrium, which grows and sheds every month (menses)
25
Q

describe the fallopian tubes

A

aka oviducts

  • site of fertilization
  • if sperm travels to fallopian tube b/c of constriction then ecoptic pregnancy can occur, can happen from gonorrhea
26
Q

describe the vagina

A

passageway of the menstrual flow, sexual intercourse, and childbirth

27
Q

describe the cervix

A

the deepest part of the vagina

- contains a narrow opening into the uterus where the semen/sperm travel into to meet the mature egg

28
Q

what are the gonadotropic hormones secreted from the pituitary during puberty

A
  1. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

2. LH (leutinizing hormone)

29
Q

each month the FSH & LH stimulates what?

A
  1. FSH stimulates the ovary to produce a mature egg
  2. as the egg matures, the ovary produces estrogen = stimulates LH
  3. then the LH stimulates the release of this egg
    = if in ovulation and population occurs, woman can get pregnant
  4. LH causes progesterone release, which will maintain pregnancy
30
Q

endometriosis

A

endometriosis - an abnormal growth of the endothelial tissues outside the uterus (into vagina, ovaries, or uterine ligaments)
= has to be removed

31
Q

complications of cervicitis

A
  • potential for ascending infection
  • systemic infection
  • pregnancy-related complications
  • predisposition to cancer (HPV mainly)
32
Q

what is cervicitis

A

cervical inflammation

- some degree of cervical inflammation is found in most women is normal

33
Q

diagnostics for cervicitis

A
  1. pelvic exam - physical examination of the external/internal organs
  2. pap smear - cervical screening for abnormal cervical cells (scrapping) for biopsy
  3. biopsy
  4. colposcopy - visually examine the cervix and the vagina w/ a scope

Patho Exam 4 (6 decks)

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