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Physiology Final > Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q
  • Mitosis only occurs during the production of gametes.

A. True
B. False

  • A man is taking in high levels of external testosterone as steroids. How will this impact the normal control of sex hormones in his body?

A. The pituitary will release more FSH/LH
B. The pituitary will release less FSH/LH
C. The body will produce more natural testosterone
D. The hypothalamus will release more GnRH

How does nitric oxide help facilitate an erection?

A. It promotes vasodilation
B. It promotes vasoconstriction
C. It decrease blood flow to the penis
D. It cause smooth muscle contractions.

A

B. False

B. The pituitary will release less FSH/LH

A. Promotes Vasodiliation

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2
Q

What does the Female Reproductive System consist of?

A
  • Ovaries  gonad
    • Site of egg maturation
    • Ovulation – mature egg leaving ovary
  • Closely associated with uterine (fallopian) tubes
    • Function  get egg to UTERUS!!
    • Smooth muscle and ciliated inner layer
    • Cilia create an inward current, drawing released eggs into tube
    • Muscle contraction also help
  • Fertilization occurs in uterine tube
  • Implantation of fertilized egg occurs in uterus
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3
Q

What is the development of Oocytes (eggs)?

A
  • Ovary is the female gonad
  • Produces female gamete  oocytes (egg)
  • Women are born with all oocytes (~400,000)
    • They remain undeveloped until signaled to mature
    • Controlled by hormones
  • Each is inside a fluid-filled bubble  follicle
    • Follicle is made of cells which secrete hormones
  • Each month, 20-25 primary oocytes begin to mature
    • Follicle also mature (consist of more cells and become fluid filled)
  • At mature stage, only one secondary oocyte remains
    • Protected in a large, fluid-filled mature follicle
    • REGULATED BY HORMONES
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4
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A
  • Mature follicle, with oocyte inside, resembles a blister on the ovary
  • Follicle ruptures and oocyte is released to body cavity, destined for the uterine tube
  • Successful fertilization will occur in the uterine tube
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5
Q

What does the female anatomy consists?

A
  • Uterus
    • Thick, muscular chamber that opens to uterine tubes and vagina
  • Functions to house the developing embryo if fertilization occurs
  • Two functional layers
  • Myometrium is smooth muscle
  • Endometrium

Cells (glandular tissue) and blood vessels
Thickens during pregnancy to nourish embryo (eventually forms placenta)
Shed every month if no fertilization  menstruation
Part remains to restore endometrium
REGULATED BY HORMONES

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6
Q

What is the cervix?

A
  • Entry point of the uterus from the vagina
    • Entry for sperm
    • Exit for shed endometrium
    • Exit for babies (avg. 8mm)
      • Extends to 10cm during birth
  • Produces two types of mucus
    • Thick during before ovulation
      • Prevent sperm from entering
    • Thin after ovulation
      • Helps sperm enter
  • Cervical Cancer (HPV virus)
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7
Q

What is the vagina?

A
  • Muscular canal
  • Functions to receive sperm and as a birthing canal
  • Contain vaginal rugae
    • Ridges of muscle
    • Help stimulate the penis
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8
Q

Which of the structures does the egg first travel through after ovulation?

A. Uterus
B. Cervix
C. Uterine Tube
D. Vagina

A
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9
Q

What are the reproductive hormones?

A
  • Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad Axis
  • Primary sex hormones
    • Estrogen or Testosterone
  • Gonadotropins
    • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
    • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Hypothalamus hormone
    • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • During puberty, the hypothalmus begins to release GnRH
    • It does what the name says…causes release of gonadotropins!
    • After puberty, GnRH “pulses” control menstrual cycle
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10
Q

What value is the y-axis?

A. Amount of hormone
B. Size of follicle
C. Time in days
D. Time in hours

A

C. Time in Days

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11
Q

What occurs during the Follicular Phase (1-3)?

A

Follicular Phase

  • 1)GnRH cause anterior pituitary (AP) to release FSH and store LH
    • Pulse rate determines if LH stored or released
  • 2) FSH cause follicle to grow and mature
  • 3) Cell of maturing follicle start to secrete estrogen (just a little at first)
      • Low estrogen inhibits FSH and LH release
      • FSH levels decrease (follicles don’t need to be stimulated further)
      • LH continues being stored
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12
Q

What is the 4-5 phases of the follicular phase?

A

Follicular Phase - cont.
4) As follicle matures, more estrogen enters blood

5) High estrogen level stimulates the anterior pituitary to release stored LH/FSH -GnRH pulses also increase to help with LH release
- Causes “peak” in LH (small peak in FSH)

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13
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A

Ovulation

6) “Peak” of LH triggers ovulation
- Remaining follicle cells form CORPUS LUTEUM (endocrine structure)

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14
Q

What happens during the luteal phase?

A
  • High levels of estrogen and progesterone during luteal phase.
    • Secreted by the corpus luteum
  • These hormones _____________ GnRH release from hypothalamus.

A. inhibit B. promote

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15
Q

What is the Corpus Luteum?

A
  • Corpus luteum is produced every month from remaining follicle cells (luteal stage)
  • Responsible for producing progesterone
    • Progesterone maintains the uterine lining and prepares body for pregnancy
  • Degrades in ~12 days is pregnancy does not occur
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16
Q

Which structure produces estrogen?

A. Developing oocyte
B. Maturing follicle cells
C. Anterior pituitary gland
D. Vagina

High levels of estrogen occur _________.

A. at the beginning of follicular development
B. Toward the end of follicular development

High levels of estrogen help _________.

A. trigger the release of LH
B. inhibit the release of LH

A
17
Q

What occurs in the Ovarian Cycle?

A
  • Ovarian cycle
    • Changes in ovaries
18
Q

What occurs during the Menstrual Cycle?

A
  • Menstrual cycle
    • Changes in uterus (3 phases)
    • Proliferative phase
      • Mitosis
      • Increased vascularization
      • Addition of progesterone receptors
    • Secretory phase
      • Controlled by progesterone (binds to receptors)
      • Endometrium thickens
  • Menstrual phase
    • Progesterone levels drop because of degraded corpus luteum.
    • Menses occurs
19
Q

How does birth control work?

A
  • Most hormonal birth control uses low levels of estrogen and progesterone
    • The pill, patch and ring
  • Presence of the these hormones during the whole month inhibit GnRH, FSH and LH
  • Prevents signal for eggs/follicle to mature
    • No ovulation
    • Eggs are reabsorbed  atresia
    • Also promotes thick mucus production at cervix
20
Q

What happens during menopause?

A
  • Climacteric  change in hormones (female and male)
  • With age, primary follicles stop responding to FSH/LH
    • Also, there are less follicles present
    • Secrete less estrogen and progesterone (cause of menopause)
  • Symptoms associated with a lack of estrogen include:
    • Vaginal dryness (lack of feminizing hormones)
    • Cutaneous vasospasm (“hot flashes”)
      • Caused by the hypothalamus thinking the body is too hot
    • Changes in mood
    • Osteoporosis (estrogen helps with bone maintenance)
  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is often used
    • Low doses of estrogen (safety is still under debate)
    • Can also use phytoestrogens (plant estrogens)
  • The “Grandmother” Hypothesis  evolution of menopause
21
Q

How many stages are within the female sexual response and what occurs during the first stage?

A
  • Four stages
  • Excitement
    • Triggered by input of senses (sight, touch, thoughts, aroma…)
    • Controlled by the parasympathetic autonomic motor division
    • Increase in heart rate and blood pressure
    • Vasocongestion of genitals (increased blood flow)
    • Uterine tenting (positions cervix in vagina to receive sperm)
    • Secretion from glands
22
Q

What happens during the second stage of the female sexual response?

A
  • Plateau
    • Controlled by parasympathetic system
    • Clitoris is engorged with blood (homologous to the penis)
      • Swell to two to three times resting size
      • Provide female stimulation
    • Lower one third of vagina constricts (provide stimulation for penis)
23
Q

What occurs during the thrid stage of female sexual response?

A
  • Orgasm
    • Controlled by sympathetic system
    • Coordinated contraction of pelvis and vaginal muscles
    • Uterus undergoes peristaltic contractions
    • May help move sperm to/into uterus
24
Q

What are the two questions about the debate about the evolutionary significance of the femal orgasm?

A
  • Much debate concerning the evolutionary significance of the female orgasm
    • Does an orgasm improve fitness?
    • Is it a byproduct of the need for an orgasm in males and our common developmental path?
25
Q

What is the fourth and final stage of the femal sexual response?

A
  • Resolution
    • Muscles relax
    • Blood flow decreases
    • Heart and breath rate decrease
    • Woman do not have a refractory period

Physiology Final (4 decks)

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