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x. Histology Test III > Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the female reproductive tract (5)

A
  1. Production of ova by oogenesis
  2. Transport of ova and introduced spermatozoa to facilitate fertilization
  3. Maintenance of embryo during development
  4. Expulsion of mature fetus (birth)
  5. Nutrition of neonate
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2
Q

What is the female reproductive system composed of?

A

gonads (ovaries), ducts, and external genitalia. Mammary glands are usually also included.

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3
Q

What covers the ovary

A

a layer of cuboidal cells (germinal epithelium) on very outside

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4
Q

What underlies the germinal layer of the ovary?

A

poorly delineated layer of dense CT

TUNICA ALBUGINEA

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5
Q

The ovary is divided into these two sections. What do they contain?

A

Divided into outer cortex (contains follicles) and inner medulla (loose fibroelastic CT with blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves; continuous with mesovarium at hilum)

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6
Q

Ovarian follicle components

A

ovum and associated epithelial cells

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7
Q

Primordial follicles

A

located on periphery of cortex; contains primary oocyte in resting state surrounded by a single layer of flattened epithelial cells (granulosa cells)

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8
Q

What triggers primordial follicles to become primary follicles?

A

cyclic FSH secretion from anterior pituitary stimulates follicle development

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9
Q

What are the features of primary follicle development?

A

follicle epithelial cells grow and proliferate

oocyte enlarges

stromal cells become organized into CT sheath

get formation of zona pellucida directly surrounding
oocyte (glycoprotein membrane)

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10
Q

Development of the secondary follicle includes what features?

A

formation of antrum (space filled with liquor folliculi - hyaluronic acid)

CT sheath differentiates into inner theca interna and outer theca externa

oocyte supported within antrum by stalk of granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus)

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11
Q

What fills the antrum?

A

fluid filled space

liquor folliculi- hyaluronic acid

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12
Q

Secondary follicle CT sheath layers.

A

theca interna

theca externa

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13
Q

name of the stalk of granulosa cells that support the oocyte in a secondary follicle

A

cumulus oophorus

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14
Q

Features of a graafian follicle

A

continued growth and development of follicle; theca interna and tunica albuginea decrease at surface; ovum surrounded by thick zona pellucida + layer of granulosa cells (corona radiata)

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15
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

layer of granulosa cells that surrounds the oocyte in a graafian follicle

shed with the oocyte at ovulation

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16
Q

What triggers ovulation and what are the features?

A

LH surge from anterior pituitary causes increased liquid secretion by granulosa cells which leads to rupture of the follicle and release of the egg into the coelom

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17
Q

How does the corpus luteum form? What does it do? When does it regress?

A

formed from ruptured follicle cells, becomes glandular

Granulosa cells hypertrophy as do theca interna cells

Release progesterone and estrogen

Regresses after designated time (14 days in human) unless pregnancy occurs

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18
Q

Describe the uterine tube in general.

A

Fallopian tube, Oviduct

Function is to transport egg to uterus, fertilization occurs here

Consists of four regions: infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and intramural portion

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19
Q

Infundibulum of the uterine tube

A

funnel-shaped opening of oviduct to coelom, fingerlike extensions (fimbrae) extend from margins

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20
Q

Ampulla of the uterine tube

A

= expanded intermediate segment, makes up 2/3 of total oviduct length, thin-walled with a highly folded mucosal epithelium

21
Q

Isthmus of the uterine tube

A

= thicker-walled region posterior to ampulla, makes up about 1/3 of total oviduct length

22
Q

Intramural portion of the uterine tube

A

continuation of canal through uterine wall

23
Q

Cross-sectional layers of the uterine tube (just name them)

A

mucosa
muscularis
serosa

24
Q

Mucosa of the uterine tube

A

lined by a ciliated simple columnar epithelium with some nonciliated secretory cells

longitudinal folds (plicae) are present

possesses a delicate vascular lamina propria

25
Q

muscularis of the uterine tube

A

broad inner circular and narrow outer longitudinal layers are poorly differentiated

Responsible for peristaltic movement of egg down tube; also help move sperm up tube for fertilization

26
Q

serosa of the uterine tube

A

areolar CT covered by a mesothelium

lots of blood flow

27
Q

Describe the uterus and its cross-sectional layers

A

Functions in implantation and nourishment of embryo during development

Cross-section through wall reveals:

Mucosa (endometrium)
Muscularis (myometrium)
Serosa (perimetrium)

28
Q

What is the uterine endometrium?

A 
Simple columnar lining 
simple tubular endometrial glands
endometrial stroma (lamina propria); very thick layer
29
Q

What occurs during the proliferative (follicular) phase?

A

mucosal thickness increases as epithelial cells proliferate under the influence of estrogen (from follicle)

glands lengthen and become packed

arteries grow into expanding lamina propria (about 9 days in duration)

Ovulation marks end of this phase

30
Q

What occurs during the secretory (progestational, luteal) phase?

A

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone (duration is about 13 days)

Endometrium increases in thickness due to hypertrophy of gland cells, glands secrete heavily

Endometrium consists of basal and functional layers (lower and upper, respectively)

31
Q

What happens during the ischemic phase?

A

endometrial functional layer undergoes periods of hypoxia (low oxygen) due to intermittent constriction of arteries

associated with involution of corpus luteum (duration is about 1 day)

32
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase?

A

functional layer undergoes degeneration and is shed (duration is about 4-5 days)

33
Q

Describe the myometrium muscle layers

A

thick coat of smooth muscle, consists of 3 ill-defined layers:
Thin inner longitudinal
Thick middle circular
Thin outer longitudinal/oblique

Muscle fibers increase in size during pregnancy

34
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

thin layer of areolar CT on outside of myometrium, lined by a mesothelium

35
Q

What is the maternal component of the placenta?

A

= Decidua

endometrium opposite placenta, becomes eroded forming intervillous space full of maternal blood.

36
Q

What is the fetal component of the placenta?

A

composed of chorion (extraembryonic membrane),

villi extend into endometrium where they become closely opposed to maternal blood spaces.

37
Q

Anchoring villi

A

chorionic villi anchored to decidua (maternal component)

38
Q

free villi

A

don’t reach surface of decidua

39
Q

hofbauer’s cells

A

tissue macrophages (large cells with spherical nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm) found in the placental villi

40
Q

Placental villi components

A

they have a CT core containing capillaries and hofbauer’s cells; lined by trophoblasts

41
Q

trophoblast epithelium (general)

A

Trophoblast epithelium covers each villus, consists of two layers until about week 10 of pregnancy when it is reduced to one (Syncitial trophoblast)

42
Q

Cytotrophoblasts

A

inner cell layer, pale cells with discrete borders; disappears after about week 10

43
Q

Syncitial trophoblasts (what hormone do they secrete??)

A

= outer layer containing numerous small dark nuclei, no apparent intercellular boundaries

Secretes hCG – maintains corpus luteum in a secretory state (continues to produce progesterone)

44
Q

Describe the uterine cervix.

A

Lowest segment of uterus

Lined by simple columnar mucus-secreting epithelium

Mucosa of lower 2/3 forms complex furrows (plicae palmatae)

Relatively little smooth muscle in muscularis

Lamina propria is thick, composed of dense irregular CT with numerous collagen fibers

Mucosa is not shed at menstruation

At extreme lower end (junction with vagina) the mucosal epithelium becomes nonkeratinizing stratified squamous

45
Q

Plicae palmatae

A

cervix: Mucosa of lower 2/3 forms complex furrows

46
Q

Describe the vagina.

A

Somewhat flattened tube extending from uterine cervix to external genitalia

Mucosal lining = relatively thick stratified squamous nonkeratinizing, cells packed with glycogen so appear vacuolated

Epithelial surface lubricated by mucus from cervix

Lamina propria composed of dense irregular CT

Mucosa with transverse folds = rugae

Muscularis with smooth muscle bundles in thin inner circular and thicker outer longitudinal layers (poorly defined)

Adventitia = dense irregular CT, binds with urethra and other organs

47
Q

Describe mammary glands (what type of gland, how many, general duct system setup, development)

A

Modified sweat glands in subcutaneous tissue

Each gland is a composite of 15-20 individual compound alveolar glands, each of which opens to the nipple via a lactiferous duct

A lactiferous sinus present at the apex of the nipple is formed as a junction of lactiferous ducts

External development occurs at puberty due to accumulation of adipose and CT.

Secretory alveoli do not develop until pregnancy, so resting gland is essentially just a system of ducts + a CT stroma

Nipple and areola (surrounding nipple) are covered by a pigmented keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is rich in sensory receptors

48
Q

Describe the lactating breast and how it forms during pregnancy.

A

During pregnancy, under the influence of estrogen, progesterone and lactogenic hormones (prolactin) the mammary gland undergoes a proliferative response = increase in duct system and development of secretory alveoli

During second half of pregnancy, glandular hyperplasia slows, but alveoli enlarge

Prior to birth, alveoli secrete colostrum = serous, protein-containing fluid (lactose, antibodies, etc.)

Soon after birth, active milk secretion commences.

Some alveoli become dilated or distended with milk, others remain in resting condition (low vs. tall epithelial lining, respectively)

Secretion of milk from secretory cells is partly merocrine, partly apocrine (proteins = merocrine, lipids = apocrine)

Between secretory alveolar cells and basal lamina are myoepithelial cells, involved in ejecting milk from alveoli into ducts.

x. Histology Test III (8 decks)

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