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Microanatomy Unit 7 > Female Repro I > Flashcards

Female Repro I Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four layers of the ovary from outward to inward.

A
  1. Germinal Epithelium
  2. Tunica Albuginea
  3. Cortex
  4. Medulla
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2
Q

What cell types make up the ovarian follicle?

A

Follicular cells: They make up the follicular epithelium

Ovarian follicles house germ cells (oocytes)

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3
Q

What hormone initiates follicle growth? sustains?

A

FSH
Estrogen

FSH stimulates aromatase synthesis in follicular cells. Aromatase converts androstenedione into estrogen.
Estrogen drives follicular cell mitosis.

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4
Q

How does the oocyte revieve nutrients and remove wastes??

A

via follicular cells

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5
Q

How are primary oocytes moved expelled from the center of the follicle with granulosa cells?

A

Granulosa cells produce fluid that forms a sac called the antrum. The antrum pushes the oocyte alongside the granulosa cells to the periphery

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6
Q

What separates the primary oocyte from the granulosa?

A

Zona Pellucida

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7
Q

How do the primary oocyte and granulosa cells communicate?

A 
granulosa cell filopodia reach
through the zona pellucida to contact
microvilli on the oocyte, making gap
junctions that facilitate communication
across the zona pellucida.
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8
Q

What features distinguish a large, viable follicle from a large atretic follicle?

A

Large atretic follicles have dying granulosa cells with pyknotic nuclei which slough off into the antrum.

Small atretic follicles vanish quickly

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9
Q

Which part of an atretic follicle develops into the corpus fibrosum? what is its consistency?

A

Basement membrane

Tranisient, collagenous

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10
Q

What cells produce estrogen?

A

Corpus Luteum

Follicular Cells

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11
Q

What are the histological features of theluteinized granulosa cells?

A
  • Large
  • Pale
  • Eosinophilic cells with foamy appearing cytoplasm
  • Large euchromatic nuclei
  • Prominent smooth ER
  • large mitochondria with tubular cristae
  • Numerous lipid droplets
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12
Q

What are the functions of the corups luteum?

A

Produce progesterone and estrogen

Progesterone stimulates the endometrium to prepare for implantation

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13
Q

What are interstitial glands?

A

Glands in the Stroma that forms from theca interna of an atretic follicle that once produced hormone. These hormone-producing cells are in teh cortex but not associated with a follicle

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14
Q

What is the characteristic histological features of a hormone producing cell”

A

pale, eosinophilic with foamy cytoplasm and euchromatic nuclei

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15
Q

What are three steroid hormone-producing structures that can e found in the ovary?>

A
  • Interstitial Glands
  • Corpus Luteum
  • Ovarian Follicles
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16
Q

What are the histological features of the corpsu albicans?

A
  • dense collagen fibers

- appear acellular and esinophilic

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17
Q

How does corpus luteum, fibrosum, and albicans differ? how are they similar?

A

Corpus Luteum has lipochrome pigments that accumulate in luteinized granulosa cells

Corpus fibrosum is a thick, transient, collagenous scar in the basement membrane of the atretic follicle. Pyknotic nuclei previously sloughed into the antrum

Corpus albicans is also a connective tissue scar however it appears eosinophilice

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18
Q

What are the two cell types of the oviduct mucosal epithelium? describe their histology.

A
  1. Ciliated Cells (pale eosinophilic cytoplasm, large euchromatic vasal nucleus, prominent apical cilia, dark staiing basal bodies at the cilia bases)
  2. Secretory Cells (dark staining due to secretory products, apical surfaces proturde above the epithelial surface, resembling pegs)
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19
Q

What are the functions of the two cell types of the oviduct mucosal epithelium?

A
  1. Cliated cells sweep the oocyte complex or fertilized embryos toward the uterus
  2. Secretory cells
    - nourish and protect gametes/embryos
    - capacitate the sperm activation
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20
Q

What is the 3 basic components of the oviduct mucosa?

A

Mucosa folds, Mucosal epithelium, Lamina propria

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21
Q

What is the function of the lamina propria in the oviduct mucosa?

A

It is highly cellular, well-vascularized connective tissue. In the fmbriae, it contains smooth muscle to support fimbriae movements.

22
Q

3 ways that the oviduct aids in transporting the oocyte complex or fertilized embryo to the uterus include:

A
  1. Cilated cells of the oviduct mucosa have sweeping motion
  2. Fimbriae of oviduct muscularis sweeps over the ovary surface to capture oocyte (oviduct mucularis also bends the infundibulum close to the ovary)
  3. Oviduct muscularis has peristaltic contractions that propel fertilized embryos to the ovary surface
23
Q

Describe the histological characteristics of the Menstrual Phase Endometrium

A
  • Thin (0.5mm)
  • Lacks a surface epithelium
  • Very short glands
24
Q

Describe the histological characteristics of the Proliferative Phase Endometrium

A
  • Thick (2-3mm) (including thickened stroma)
  • Surface epithelium is present (regenerates from proliferating uterine gland secretory cells)
  • Uterine glands are long, straight, and narrow
  • Spiral arteries are present (grow into the reformed functional layer and sprout arterioles)
  • Numerous mitotic figures are present (especially in secretory cells)
25
Q

Describe histological characteristics of the Secretory Phase endometrium

A
  • Extra Thick (5-6mm)
  • Glands are dilated and coiled
  • Secretory product accumulated in secretory cells and gland lumens
  • Prominent spiral arteries are present
26
Q

Why does the functional layer shred in the menstrual phase? why not the basal layer?

A

Constriction of spiral arteries causes hypoxia which induces the functional layer to slough off. Hormone changes also causes loss and regrowth of the functional layer. Straight arteries supply the basal layer so they do not become hypoxic.

27
Q

What is the functional layer? What supplies it?

A

The upper endometrium , portion closes to the lumen. It is supplied by the spiral arteries.

28
Q

What is the basal layer? What supplies it?

A

The basal layer is the lower endometrium. It is supplied by straight arteries.

29
Q

What makes the secretory phase endometrium a good environment for receiving and sustaining a developing embryo?

A

Glycogen rich product is secreted from secretory cells of secretory endometrium. They are able to provide nutrition for the embryo prior to and during implantation as well as dilation of uterine glands.

Also, this phase has vascular lacunae that develop and fill with blood to allow flow to the placenta in thee vent of implantation and pregnancy.

30
Q

What hormone stimulates secretory cell hypertrophy and secretory activity, and promotes vascular changes?

A

Progesterone

31
Q

What causes coiling of uterine glands?

A

Progesterone induced secretory cells hypertrophy

32
Q

How does endometriosis occur?

A

endometrial stromal and glandular cells colonize outside the uterus when endometrial tissue sloughed during menses moves retrograde through the oviducts
into the peritoneal cavity.

33
Q

What are chocolate cysts?

A

When endometrium infiltrates the ovary surface, blood can get trapped behind the tunica albuginea causing brown colored accumulations of blood.

34
Q

What is another name for Fibroids?

A

Uterine leiomyomas

35
Q

What are fibroids?

A

benign smooth muscle tumors in the myometrium. They grow in response to estrogen.

36
Q

How do cervical glands differ from uterine glands histologically?

A

Cervical glands are long, non-coiled, branching tubular with wide lumens. Cervical gland secretions are mucus based.

37
Q

Describe Nabothian cysts

A
  • They are not pathogenic and not neoplastic.
  • They result from occlusion of cervical gland ducts
  • Secretory prodcut accumulates in the plugged ducts
  • they resolve without intervention
38
Q

Why are ectopic pregnancies dangerous?

A

When an embryo implants in the oviduct, it causes the rupture of the oviduct because the duct can’t accommodate a growing fetus. This can cause fatal blood loss,

39
Q

Describe the parenchyma of an inactive adult breast

A
  • Duct conists of simple, cuboidal epithelium
  • Little or no secretory product
  • Myoepithelial cells
40
Q

Where are myopethelial cells found abundantly in the active breast. Describe their histology

A
  • Between the duct epithelium and basement membrane
  • They are stellate-shaped. Their “arms” warp around the duct epithelium
  • they have triangular nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm.
41
Q

Describe the stroma of inactive adult breast

A
  • Loose connective tissue within lobules

- Dense irregular connective tissue with some adipocytes between lobules

42
Q

How does parenchyma and stroma of breasts change upon pregnancy? What hormones cause this change?

A

Parenchyma grows
Stroma decreases
The intralobular stroma is infiltrated with plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils

Estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and placental lactogen

43
Q

How do duct cells of breasts change in the first half of pregnancy? what hormone influences this change?

A
  • They become basophilic in preparation for protein
  • Intralobular duct cells proliferate as a result of estrogen
  • Mitotic profiles also become apparent
44
Q

During first half of pregnancy, what forms at the ends of ducts? How does this change in the 2nd half of pregnancy?

A

End buds (stratified, cuboidal epithelium).

During secoond half, end buds hollow-out to form alveoli (simple, cuboidal epithelium, numerous myoepithelial cells)

45
Q

What accumulates in alveolar epithelial cells?

A

fat and protein droplets
Sometimes lipid on the apical cytoplasm
apocrine snouts appear on the alveolar epithelial cells apical surfaces

46
Q

In the lactating breast, how do alveolar epithelial cells appear?

A
  • Prominent basophilic cytoplasm

- large pale apical cytoplasmic lipid droplet

47
Q

Where does milk accumulate in the lactating breast?

A

alveoli lumen

48
Q

What is the Colostrum? What produces the colostrum?

A 
It is the first secretion released after childbirth.   This transitions to milk after a few days.   It is higher in :
- protein
- Vitamin A
-Antibody (IgA)
It is lower in: 
- lipid
-carbohydrate
49
Q

What produces IgAs found in colostrum?

A

Plasma cells in the intralobular stroma

50
Q

What is the medical importance of the terminal duct lobular unit?

A

It is the site that is most frequently associated with breast cancer.

Microanatomy Unit 7 (3 decks)

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