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Repro Physio > Female Repro Function > Flashcards

Female Repro Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two functions of the ovaries? Which specific hormones are made?

A

Produce and release ova; produce hormones (activin and inhibin)

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2
Q

What hormone is most active during the follicular phase? What is the one follicle that is chosen out of the cohort called?

A

FSH (stimulate follicle development) with rising estradiol from the follicles; primordial follicle!

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3
Q

Which hormone is most active during ovulatory phase? What happens during this phase?

A

LH surge; Graafian follicle ruptures and oocyte discharged

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4
Q

What happens during luteal phase? Which hormone predominates?

A

Ruptured follicle converted to the corpus luteum; LH, along with higher PROGESTERONE and some estradiol!

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5
Q

What is the ruptured follicle called? What will the corpus luteum degen to without fertilization?

A

corpus hemorrhagicum; corpus albicans due to low estrogen and progesterone

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6
Q

How many follicles become mature follicles? How many follicles ripen with each menstrual cycle?

A

ONLY ONE!! Several can ripen each menstrual cycle

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7
Q

What is synonymous with the term “chosen primordial follicle?” What cells can actually make estrogen? Why only them? What cells can provide the estrogen-producing cells the precursors? Where do these latter cells get the precursors from?

A

Graafian;
granulosa; They have aromatase
Theca cells (get cholesterol from LDL)

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8
Q

What does the primordial follicle contain? Size?

A

Ovum, granulosa and thecal cells; 30-60 micrometers

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9
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase? What hormone predominates and how long does this phase last approx?

A

Thickening the endometrium and priming uterus for progesterone actions;
estrogen
about 14 days (accounts for variable lengths of menstrual cycle)

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10
Q

What hormone dominates during secretory phase? What happens during said phase?

A

Progesterone; convert proliferative uterus to secretory one (more glandular secretions and increased vascularity)

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11
Q

How does estrogen prime the uterus for progesterone action?

A

It can increase the number of progesterone receptors on the uterus

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12
Q

What are the follicular and luteal phases synonymous with?

A

Proliferative and secretory (more or less)

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13
Q

What is the fixed length of the secretory phase?

A

14 days

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14
Q

Which cells have the FSH receptors? When do we see positive feedback on HP-ovarian axis? What hormones surge? What is provoked?

A

Granulosa; the late follicular and ovulatory phases;
FSH and LH
Ovulation

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15
Q

In ovulatory phase, what is producing hormones for feedback? What type of feedback do we see? What are the three hormones made? What is special about one of them?

A

Corpus luteum
Negative feedback
Estradiol, progesterone, inhibin
Inhibin only acts on the anterior pituitary to prevent release of FSH ONLY during luteal phase!!

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16
Q

What word defines LH secretion type?

A

Pulsatile

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17
Q

How do estrogens ultimately aid with producing a mid-cycle surge of LH (and FSH)?

A

They sensitize the anterior pituitary gonadotrophs to GnRH stimulation by increasing GnRH receptors, resulting in LH and FSH production and release

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18
Q

What does LH allow for mid-cycle?

A

Conversion of Graafian follicle to corpus luteum

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19
Q

Where does FSH bind to in the ovaries? What does this lead to?

A

Their receptors on granulosa cells; gene transcription an synthesis of relevant enzymes like aromatase, activins, and inhibins

20
Q

Where does LH bind? What is made?

A

Their receptors on thecal cells and onto some receptors on granulosa cells; make progestins and androgens

21
Q

How do androgens become estrogen?

A

Leave theca cells and enter granulosa cells

22
Q

Where do activins and inhibins act? What does activin do?

A

ONLY ANTERIOR PITUITARY; activin has opposite activity of inhibin

23
Q

How does GnRH exert its effects on gonadotropes?

A

GPCR, then IP3/DAG pathway (IP3 leads to IC Ca release, PKC leads to transcriptional reg), then creation and release of FSH and LH

24
Q

What differentiates LH and FSH?

A

NOT the alpha subunits, rather their beta subunits!!

25
Q

At the level of the anterior pituitary, what inhibits LH and FSH production/release, and what promotes that?

A

Follicular phase estrogen and activin promote; luteal phase estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin inhibit!!

26
Q

What is the order of potency of estradiol relative to estrone and estriol?

A

Estradiol > estrone > estriol (10x and 80x respectively)

27
Q

What do you need in granulosa cells to make estrogen? What is needed to get the androgen precursors in thecal cells?

A

Aromatase

17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20 desmolase

28
Q

What do steroid hormones bind to in serum?

A

Albumin and sex hormone-binding globulins (SHBG)

29
Q

Where are estrogen and progesterone inactivated/degraded?

A

Former inactivated in liver through conjugation (excreted in urine); latter degraded in liver to steroids and excreted as above

30
Q

What makes LDL available to granulosa-lutein cell?

A

Vascularization of corpus luteum

31
Q

What is the major product of the follicle during the follicular phase? the major products of the corpus luteum during luteal phase?

A

Estradiol

Progestins (still substantial estradiol synthesis)

32
Q

What can be produced by both theca-lutein and granulosa-lutein cells? What is made in theca cells that can’t be made in granulosa cells? What is made in granulosa cells that can’t be made in theca cells?

A

Progesterone;
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione;
Estradiol

33
Q

What do estrogens do?

A

Proliferation of endometrial stroma, mucosal lining development in fallopian tubes, bone growth (inhibit osteoclasts), and fat deposition in subcutaneous tissues

34
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Secretory changes in endometrium, less frequent/intense uterine contractions, more fallopian tube secretions; also lobules and alveoli development in breasts

35
Q

Around which day will LH and FSH peak? What will also happen on this day?

A

14; ovulation

36
Q

When does estrogen peak? What about inhibin and progesterone?

A

Right before ovulation to promote positive feedback; after ovulation

37
Q

For puberty for females, what happens during thelarche? Adrenarche? Menarche?

A

Thelarche is breast development (11-15);
Adrenarche: increased secretion of adrenal androgens
Menarche: menstrual cycles begin (10-16)

38
Q

When does the HP-gonadal axis become functional? When are gonadotroph cells most sensitive to negative feedback by estrogens?

A

Puberty;

Children; becomes less sensitive in puberty and even more so at adulthood

39
Q

What is gone by menopause? What levels decrease? What levels increase?

A

Ovarian follicles
Sex steroids
Gonadotropins

40
Q

What are characteristics of menopausal syndrome?

A

Vasomotor instability, hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, short-term memory loss, sleep problems, headaches, loss of sex drive

41
Q

What happens physically with menopause?

A

Vaginal epi atrophies, vaginal pH changes, vaginal secretions decrease, less blood to uterus and vagina, pelvic relaxation, vaginal tone lost, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis risks increase

42
Q

How many germ cells does a female at puberty have? How many are actually ovulated?

A

About 400000 (peak was once 6-7 million); 400 ovulated because of atresia of follicles that don’t become the primordial/Graafian one

43
Q

What happens to LH and FSH levels as women get older?

A

Really high because you lose that negative feedback!

44
Q

What is the increase in LH and FSH attributed to post-menopause?

A

Increased production (about 3-fold for LH, 17-fold for FSH)

45
Q

What is a source of estrogen post-menopause? Where is it derived and produced?

A

Estrone

Derived from androstenedione in adrenal gland; produced in muscle and adipose

46
Q

With decreased estrogen, what are women at risk for?

A

Osteoporosis and compression fractures in vertebrae (height loss, back pain, thoracic kyphosis/dowager’s hump)

Repro Physio (4 decks)

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