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ANSC3104 Reproduction > Female repro anatomy > Flashcards

Female repro anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the ovaries?

A

Lie adjacent to proximal ends of uterine horns

Are attached to broad ligament

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2
Q

Two functions of the ovaries

A

Production of gametes and hormones

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3
Q

Ovary structure

A

Outer cortex:
- Collagen fibres provide support (ovarian stroma)

  • Ovarian parenchyma (follicles and various interstitial cell types)

Central medulla:

  • Blood vessels
  • Lymphatics
  • Nerves
  • Connective tissue
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4
Q

Follicle contains

A

1 oocyte + surrounding follicular cells

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5
Q

Stages of follicular development

A
  1. Primordial follicle
  2. Primary follicle
  3. Secondary follicle
  4. Tertiary follicle
  5. Antral follicle
  6. Ovulating follicle
  7. Corpus luteum
  8. Corpus albicans
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6
Q

Primordial follicles

A

One layer of flattened follicular cells surrounding oocyte

Form before the female is born - further development does not occur until puberty

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7
Q

Primary follicle

A

Onset of follicular maturation (develop as soon as the animal starts to be reproductive)

Flattened cells now form cubodial epithelium (also called granulosa cells)

Zona pellucida becomes visible

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8
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Glycoprotein coat surrounding oocyte designed to prevent polyspermy

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9
Q

Secondary follicle

A

Follicles with straified epithelium, enclosing oocytes with a distinct zona pellucida

Small fluid-filled spaces become visible between granulosa cells

These spaces will fuse to form antrum

Thecal cells: epitheliod cells outside follicle intermeshed with stroma - form a wall around follicle - start to produce oestrogen - stimulates follicle to keep growing

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10
Q

Tertiary follicle

A

Follicular epithelium produces fluid

Eventually forms an antrum

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11
Q

Antrum follicle

A

Increases further in size

Oocyte floats in antrum

~12h before ovulation a small ‘bump’ forms on surface of the follicle (stigma)

Follicle ruptures at stigma and oocyte released

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12
Q

Ovulating follicle

A

Follicle ruptures at stigma and oocyte is released

Emptied follicle filled with blood

Wall of follicle collapses & folds in

Cell lutenization and proliferation occurs

(blood in follicle only lasts about 12 hours)

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13
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Vascularisation

Cell differentiation

Endocrine organ - progesterone

Very large relative to ovary

  • If the egg is fertilized corpus luteum remains and produces progesterone to support pregnancy
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14
Q

Corpus Albicans

A

Scar from old corpus luteum

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15
Q

The wall of the entire female genital tract consists of 3 concentric layers:

A
  1. Mucosal tunic (inner tunic)
  2. Muscular tunic (middle tunic)
  3. Serosal (outer tunic)
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16
Q

Mucosal tunic (female repro tract wall)

A

Inner tunic

Forms longitudinal folds in oviduct and non-gravid uterus

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17
Q

Muscular tunic (female repro tract wall)

A

Middle tunic
Two muscle layers, inner circular and outer longitudinal layer separated by a highly vascular layer

  • help move sperm and ova via muscle contraction
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18
Q

Serosal tunic (female repro tract wall)

A

Outer tunic -

composed of peritoneum, covering surface of oviduct

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19
Q

Infundibulum

A
  • Thin-walled funnel cranial extremity of oviduct
  • Free-edge of funnel ragged & tags (fimbriae) come into contact with ovary
  • Captures ovum
  • Finger-like projections catch the egg
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20
Q

Uterine tube/ Oviduct

A
  • Narrow and flexuous tube
  • Fertilisation occurs in oviduct
  • Joins apex of horn of uterus at uterotubal junction
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21
Q

Uterus

A

Y-shaped (bicornuate) with paired uterine horns in domestic species

Consists of:

  • Uterine horns
  • Body (usually quite small)
  • Cervix (thick walled)
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22
Q

3 layers lining uterus:

A
  1. Endometrium (mucosal layer) - Uterine glands present - provide nourishment for early embryo

2 .Myometrium (fibromuscular layer)

  1. Serosal layer
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23
Q

In ruminants, the endometrium of the uterus is marked with numerous permanent elevations called….

A

Caruncles

- mark the sites of embryonic attachment

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24
Q

Function of the cervix

A

Protects the uterus from infection

25
Q

The cervix can seal off the uterus in two ways:

A
  1. Cervical wall - very muscular and capable of contraction

2. Mucous secreting cells - produce material that hardens and seals off the uterus

26
Q

Vagina

A

the section of the reproductive tract from the cervix to the entrance of the urethra (urethral orifice)

Long, thin-walled and distensible in length and width (flexibility needed for giving birth)

27
Q

Fornix

A

ring-like space (intrusion of cervix into vagina)

28
Q

Vestibule

A

extends from urethral orifice to external vulva

Vestibule walls are less elastic than vagina and come together at rest

May be a transverse mucosal ridge (hymen) at junction between vagina and vestibule

29
Q

Vulva consists of:

A
  • 2 laterally positioned labia (lips – skin folds – protects entrance)
  • Bordering a slit-like opening: vulval cleft
30
Q

Genital system suspended from dorsolateral wall by

A

Paired broad ligaments

31
Q

Areas of species differentiation of the uterus

A
  • Presence of two uterine horns in most domestic animals (not humans/primates)
  • Length of uterine horns
  • Type of placentation
  • Cervix: internal structure
32
Q

Uterine glands produce

A

Uterine milk - mucus, lipids, glycogen, proteins

33
Q

Placenta

A

combination of foetal & maternal tissues for exchange of materials between mother & foetus

Transient organ of pregnancy

34
Q

What is the foetal component of the placenta derived from?

A

Chorion

35
Q

What is the maternal component of the placenta derived from?

A

Modifications of uterine endometrium

36
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A
  • Provides metabolic requirements of foetus
  • Removes waste from foetal circulation
  • Prevents mixing of foetal and maternal blood
  • Associated with hormone production
37
Q

List the extraembryonic membranes?

A
  • Chorion (outermost)
  • Yolk sac
  • Allantois (surrounds amnion)
  • Amnion (surrounds and protects the embryo)
38
Q

Chorion

A

outermost part of the extra-embryonic membrane (epithelial layer) critical role in the attachment to the wall of the mother’s endometrium

39
Q

Yolk sac

A

Storage of nutrients

In most domestic species the yolk sac is only there during early stages of pregnancy

40
Q

Allantois

A

Membrane is still growing during early pregnancy from hindgut of foetus

Allantoic cavity will fill with allantoic fluids

41
Q

Amnion

A

Surrounds the foetus
Serves as a cushion
Amniotic fluid in cavity protects the foetus from trauma

42
Q

Chorioallantoic membrane

A

Chorion fused to allantois

Forms the foetal component of the permanent placenta in all domestic species

43
Q

What is the functional component of the foetal placenta?

A

Chorionic villus - projections which interdigitate with villi on the endometrium

44
Q

Placentation

A

Attachment of the outer-most foetal membrane to the endometrium

Brings the maternal and foetal blood streams as close together as possible
(there is NO DIRECT CONTACT between maternal & foetal blood)

45
Q

How does blood enter and leave the foetus?

A

Via the umbilical cord

46
Q

Urachus

A

The part of the umbilical cord that links the allatoic cavity and the urinary bladder

47
Q

Urachus

A

The part of the umbilical cord that links the allatoic cavity and the urinary bladder

48
Q

What type of placenta does a dog have?

A

Zonary placenta

49
Q

What type of placenta does a horse have?

A

Diffuse placenta

50
Q

What type of placenta do ruminants have?

A

Cotyledonary placenta

51
Q

Cotyledonary placenta

A

Found in ruminants
Has uterine caruncles (mother) - round elevations on endometrial surface
Caruncles are constant in number & specifically located
Caruncles increase in size as pregnancy develops

Only site of attachement:
Caruncle (maternal) + Cotyledon (foetal) = Placentome

52
Q

Cotyledonary placenta

A

Found in ruminants
Has uterine caruncles (mother) - round elevations on endometrial surface
Caruncles are constant in number & specifically located
Caruncles increase in size as pregnancy develops

53
Q

Diffuse placenta

A

Found in sow and horse

Contains Areolae
- Circular spaces between chorion surface and endometrium, into which uterine milk is released

Areolae increase surface area and allow for more diffusion

Attachment to endometrium occurs over most of the chorioallantois

54
Q

What do mammary glands develop from?

A

Sweat glands

55
Q

Functions of mammary glands

A

Nourish offspring

deliver maternal antibodies to newborn offspring (in colostrum)

56
Q

What is the functional unit of mammary glands?

A

Mammary epithelial cells which secrete milk

57
Q

Papillary duct

A

Teat canal

58
Q

The pathway of milk through the mammary gland

A

Glandular cells (epithelial cells) - secrete milk

Contraction of myoepithelial cells (via oxytocin) - squeezes milk into intralobular ducts

Interlobular ducts

Lactiferous ducts

Lactiferous sinus (divided into 2 parts: Gland sinus & teat sinus)

Papillary duct (teat canal)

Milk exits through Teat orifice

59
Q

Zonary placenta

A

o Found in carnivores
o Attachment occurs along a central band surrounding the embryo
o Maternal epithelial & connective tissue layers are destroyed during implantation – via invasion of villi into uterus wall

ANSC3104 Reproduction (6 decks)

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