Female Repro Flashcards by Nathan Hansen

Gametogenesis produces

Hormones secreted (3)

Female repro system is ___ and maintains

oocytes

Estadiol, progesterone, inhibin

cyclical, fetus

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Medulla is the site of entry for

Cortex contains

covered by

Follicle is the

consists of a ___ surrounded by a sphere of

blood vessels, nerves, stromal cells

germ cells encolsed in a follice, corora lutea and stroma

tunica albuginea, and a layer of epithelial cells

fundamental repro unit

germ cells, endocrine cells

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Ovarian function in oogenesis is to develop

secretes hormones req to maintain the

this includes

female gametes (ova)

repro system, fetus (until it can survive alone)

estrogens, progestogens, androgens

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Gametogenesis 1st stage ____ produces

replication of DNA is followed by division into 2 ___ each w ___ chromosomes (23n)

2nd stage is ____ yielding 4 ___ in males, ___ in f

1st meiotic division starts w ____, pairing homologous chromos & ____ (recomb)

2 daugter cells receive __ chromos

mitosis, 2 identical daughter cells

2 daughter cells, 23 pairs

meiosis, haploid gametes, 1

DNA replication, crossing over

23 duplicate chromos (23n)

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2nd meiotic div is ___, similar to mitosis but no

division yields 2 haploid ____ w 23 chromos each (n)

Mitosis begins in the ___ wk of fetal life, as __ are produced by mitosis of the

ends around ___ wks, when ___ are maximal

from this point on, ____ new germ cells are created

reductional, DNA rep

granddaughter cells

5-6, oogonia, primordial germ cells

20, oocytes, (7 mil)

miminmal

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Meiosis is 2 div producing 1___

oocytes begin 1st meiotic div bw ___ w of fetal life and ___

1st meiotic div arrested in

primary oocytes remian in prophase 1 ___

starting at puberty, preovulatory ___ of menstrual cycle triggers resumption of meiosis in the dominant follicle

results in ___ which gets all cytoplasm and is ___ a day later, known as

Bw puberty/menopause, meiosis resumes in the 4-500 oocytes ovulated when they are bw ____ yrs old

gamete

8th and shortly after birth

prophase 1

throughout childhood

LH surge

secondary oocyte, ovulated, 1st polar body

12-50

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In the oocyte that is ovulated, the ___ is also arrested in ____

2nd meiotic div is almost never complete because it is triggered by ___

this yields 1 haploid gamete and

primary oocytes arrested in prophase 1 for

bw puberty/menopause each LH surge triggers completion of _____ in the preovulatory follicle, yeileding ____

Lh surge also initiiates ____ which arrests in

secondary oocyte is then

2nd meiotic div, metaphase 2

fertilization

2nd polar body

12-50 yrs

1st meiotic div, 1 daughter cell and 1st polar body

2nd meiotic div, metaphase 2

ovulated

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Oocytes degenerated called

occurs at ___

max #___ at __ wks fetal life

only ___ left at birth

at onset of puberty, ___ left

about 400 ovulated bw ____ yrs of age

at menopause, less than __ left

atresia

any stage

7mil, 20

2 mil

300,000

15-50 yrs

1000

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Folliculogenesis- primordial follicles formed when ____ is surrounded by

primordial follicles are

cohorts of ___ randomly enter th ___ and develop into

___ type cells

this is a full sized ___ w ____

minimal pituitary ___ support required

depends on ___ paracrine factors

primary oocyte, epithelial cells

dormant

primordial follicles, growing pool, primary follicles

cuboidal granulosa

oocyte, zona pellucida

gonadotropin

intraovarian

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Granulosa cells multiply&secrete inc amount of ___ aromatized from ___ and ___ a protein hormone that inhibits

___ is req for formation of an outside layer of

__and___ postpubertally stimulate antrum formation and formation of ____

___(preov follicle) is ___ and produced at ___ per cycle

Ovulation caused by ___surges

completion of the ___ and extrudes the ___

Follicular rupture/release of __ and cumulus granulosa cells into

forms ___, w progression of oocyte into ____ (2nd meiotic div)

estradiol, thecal androgen/inhibin, FSH

FSH, theca cells

LH/FSH, secondary follicles

Graafian, fully mature/1

LH/FSH

1st meiotic div, 1st polar body

oocyte, peritoneal cavity

corpus luteum, metaphase 2

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Corpus luteum differentiates from ___ after ovulation

both ___&___ luteinize

secretes (3) w some

Lasts __ days in a non fertile cycle, after which leads to ___ or luteolysis

__ dependent, formed by __ surge, sustained by __ LH levels

LH receptors gradually ___ (regress)

if preg occur, ___ an LH like hormone secreted by the __ rescues the CL

ruptured follcle

granulosa/theca cells

estadiol/progesterone/inhibin, androstenedione

14, regression

LH, LH, basal luteal phase

dec

hCG, trophoblast

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Ovarian steroid hormone biosyn begins w (similar to path in __/__)

Rate limiting enzyme catalyzes __, for ___ (CYP11a1)

___ the major estrogen is secreted by __ and aromatized from ___

progesterone is secreted by ___ used as an indicator for

andro/testo secreted by

majority aromatized to __ by the granulosa cells

stimulates growth of __ and

cholesterol, adrenals/testes

1st step, side chain cleavage

estradiol, granulosa cells, thecal androgen

CL, ovulation

theca/interstital cells

estradiol

pubic/axillary hair, libido

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LH acts on ___ to stimulate androstenedione synth

___ diffues to granulosa

FSH stimulates ___, converting ___ to estradiol (E2)

this stimulates _and__ receptors, __ formation, ___ receptors on granulosa cells of ___

theca cells

Androstenedione

aromatase

androstenedione/testo

E2/FSH, antrum, LH receptors, preovulatory follicles

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Repro Fxns of estradiol

S
Growth/maintain \_\_\_
Growth of ducts in
Increase \_\_\_ of oviducts/uterus
Induces P receptors in \_\_\_ and FSH/LH/E receptors in
\+/- feedback actions on

secondary sex characteristics
female repro tract, accesory tissues
mammary glands
contractility
brain/uterus/oviduct, ovary
LH/FSH secretion

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Nonrepro fxn of estradiol

Stimulates ___, dec ___ closing of the ___ at puberty
In liver, dec metabolism of ____, dec serum ___, inc ___/dec ___
In CNS it is ___, enhancing
In adipose, ____
In integument, maintains
In CV system, ___ to inc NO prod

bone growth, bone resorp, epiphyses

circulating steroid binding proteins, cholesterol, HDL/LDL

neuroprotective, learning/memory/mood

lipolytic

healthy skin

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Fxn of progesterone

Indicates
Inc
Dec \_\_ of oviducts/uterus/uterine response to
Inc sec of 
Growth of _ in mammry glands
Neg feedback on
Inhibits pos feedback of

ovulation
basal body temp
contractility, oxytocin
uterine glands
alveoli
LH/FSH
estradiol

GnRH neurons project from __ to ___
__ release
transport GnRH to AP via
inc both ___/__ synth/sec

controlled by higher centers w
neg feedback from
pos feedback from

constant levels ___ its own receptors, dec ___

used to treat ____ and ___ dep malignancy

hypothalamus, median eminence
pulsatile
portal capillaries
LH/FSH

NE/Epi/DA/opioids
E2/P
E2

down regulate, LH/FSH

precocious puberty, hormone

All neg feedback control of LH/FSH throughout cycle stimulated by

except for

inhibited by neg feedback of

positive feedback of estradiol causes preov ___ surges

stimulated by sustained inc in ___ lasting 40 hrs

independent from and ___ neg feedback

inhibited by

pulsatile GnRH

LH/FSH surges

estradiol/progesterone

LH/FSH

estradiol

superimposes

progesterone

Menstrual cycle begins at ___, ends at ___

__ in length, day 1 is __, day 14 is

Follicular phase is days __

final stages of

ends at ___, most ___ phase, proliferative phase in the -___

puberty, menopause

28 days, 1st day of menses, ovulation

1-14

follicular maturation

ovulation, variable, uterus

Early follicular phase (d 1-6) basal ___ levels due to E2 ____

basal E2 levels exert maximal ___ on LH/FSH

Progesterone levels are ___ in absence of CL

Late follic phase (d 7-13) final maturation of ___ causes exponen inc __

inc ___ inc density of ___ recep

inc inhibin exert ___ dec

LH levels remain __ due to NF action of

LH/FSH, NF

undetectable

dominant follicle, E2

E2, pituitary GnRH

NF, FSH

low, E2

Ovulatory phase (d14) positive feedback action of ___ induces preovulatory ___

cuases ovulation after ___, Dec ___

LH/FSH surge causes ___ of follicle and ___ formation

Luteal phase (d14-28) lasts from ___ to __

characterized by ___ form, sec

Inc P is indicator of __ and __ fxn

Inc __ inc ____, blocks ___

Dec LH receptors lead to

Dec E2/P as ___, inc ___

E2, LH/FSH surge

24-36hrs, E2

luteinization, CL

ovulation, menses

CL, E2/P

ovulation, luteal

P, BBT, E2 pos feedback

CL regression

CL regresses, FSH/LH/menses

Luteal phase in uterus is the ___ phase, which is the least variable of the ___

in absence of fert, CL __, leading to ___ and start of new cycle

Gamete transport- At ovulation, the ___ is released into __

Estradiol inc __ movement, drawing the ovum into the

inc ____ and dec ___ of cervical mucus, lowering

secretory, cycle

regresses, menstruation

ovum, ab cavity

ciliary, oviduct

sm contractions, viscosity, vaginal pH

Gamete transport P opposes actions of

Ovum is viable for ___, sperm for ___

Sperm must traverse ___ to reach oviduct, including vaginal __, cervical __, ___ jxn

1 day, 2 days

multiple barriers, pH, mucus, utero-tubal

Fertilization- binding of sperm to __ triggers ___

acrosomal enzymes __ and ___ digest the ZP

fusion of 1st sperms/eggs PM forms a ___, leading to

cortical rxn- cortical granules release enzymes that ___ sperm binding sites and harden ___, blocking __

changing Mem pot activates __, triggering completion of ___ w release of ____

ZP, acrosomal rxn

hyaluronidase, acrosin

zygote

deactivate, ZP, polyspermy

egg, 2nd meiotic div, 2nd polar body

Zygote trans- site of fert is the __ located in the __ of oviduct sperm can arrive at fert site w/in ___, about __ arrive 1st div occurs ___, takes 3-5 days to transport ___ to uterus w division day 2 has __ cells, day 3 __, Day 4 __ enters uterus Zygote floats __ in uterus for 3-4 days 6 days after fert, blastocyst digests ___ 7 days after fert, blastocyst implants into

ampulla, upper 1/3 5min, 200 1 day later, zygote 4, 8, morula free ZP uterine wall

Blastocyst consists of Outer trophoblast layer, contains ___ which is adhesive, invasive, endocrine secretes ___, later ____ also cytotrophoblast which surrounds ___, which is ICM is the source of __, is ___ filled cavity

synctiotrophoblast hCG, P,E2,placental lactogens ICM, dividing embryonic stem cells, pluripotent fluid

Implantation occurs ___ after ovulation Synctiotrophoblast secretes ___, an __ like hormone that rescues the hCG is a __, with a/b subunits, with a similar to hCG stimulates luteal ___ prdxn rescue of CL is ___, as placenta ___ after 10 wks, CL ___ ovary is not needed for maintaining preg after placenta takes over the __ of preg

7 days hCG, LH, CL glycoprotein, LH/FSH/TSH E/P temporary, developing regresses 1st trimester hormonal maintenance

As CL regresses, placenta takes over ___ sec for remainder of preg placenta also sec (4) progesterone plasma levels are ___ throughout preg, to maintain ___, prevents ___, confers ___ privilege on uterus E2 plus P maintains uteral synergizes development of __ for lactation stimulates ___ prdxn exerts NF on

E2/P Estrone (E1), Estriol (E3), hCG, hPL (similar to GH/prolactin) high, preg, uterine contractions, immunologic growth, blood flow mammary glands prolactin LH/FSH

hPL inc throughout ___ mobilizes ___ for fetus Lipo__, opposing ___ stimulates __ develop Estriol biosynth-- ___ is req for E3 synth ___ estrogen of preg maternal estriol levels indicate Placenta is the main source of ___ after 10wks gestation Requires maternal ___ for synth of pregnenolone/progesterone cannot synth androgens bc no, thus cannot ocnvert P to requires maternal/fetal __ synth of E2/E1

preg maternal nutrients lytic, insulin mammary gland placenta/fetus major fetal well being P/E cholesterol CYP17 estrogens DHEA/S

Fetal Adrenal glands provide __ to placenta for aromatization to Fetal liver provides ___ for placental conversion to Parturition is a __ event stretch of fetal adrenal cortisol for maternal uterine ___ and ___ recep placental uterine ___ sec

DHEAS, estradiol/estrone 16A-hydroxyDHEAS, estriol complex uterine smooth muscle lung surfactant prod oxytocin, p CRH P

Feto-placental unit shifts down in _____ inc stretch of neuroendocrine reflex from __ to hypothalamic ___ inc __ from PP inc __ inc ___ and dilation of cervix, further inc ____ (PF) when cervix is maximally dilated, uterine contractions __ the fetus, stopping the umbilical BV contract after E/P levels

last 4 wks cervix cervix, oxytocin neurons, oxytocin oxytocin, uterine contractions, oxytocin expel, PF birth dec

Mammary gland located bw each breast comprises __ overlying the pec muscle Glandular lobules contain __ surrounded by ___ Branching structure made of lobules w ___ leading to a ____ opening at the nipple surrounded by Lobules separated by ___ Growth/development are __

2/6 ribs 20 lobes alveoli, myoepithelial cells intralobular ducts, lactiferous duct adipose tissue CT septa hormone responsive

Breast dev- in utero gland development ends w rudimentary ___ remains quiescent until __, __ indep puberty inc ___ and quiescence inc follicular phase ___ inc ductal elongation/branching inc luteal phse ___ inc terminal duct structure/rud alveoli formation Thelarche is the initial observing of earliest sign of puberty at ___, __ yrs before menarche

duct system puberty, hormone cyclical growth E/GH/IGF E/P breast bud 9-10 yrs, 2.5yrs

Hormones for breast dev E inc ___, inc ___ inc ___, ___ CYP19 (aromatase), __ local E, inc P for proliferation of __ such as alveoli GH/IGF1- GH induces ___ directly and growth indirectly via PRL stimulates Cortisol/TH/insulin/leptin are Androgens/VD exert suppressive effects on ____ leads to absence of ___ in males, or larger than avg breast in ___ males

duct prolif, PRL/adipose, inc, inc, PR secretory structures ERa, IGF1 growth permissive estrogen breasts, AIS

Pregnancy leads to maximal development for ___ maximal branchng/lobuloaveolar dev complete by 1st trimester growth is ___, inc 2nd trimester, ___ begins 3rd trimester (esp 9m) further enlarges due to engorged alveoli w ___ (not milk) inc PRL does not inc ___/__ due to inhibition by High preg levels of (5) continually through gestation permissive levels of

lactation end of 4th month rapid, branching/mature alveoli alveolar sec colostrum milk prod/lactogenesis, high P E/P/PRL/hPL/GH cortisol, TH, insulin, leptin

Lactation- during preg, __ blocks lactogenesis Parturition dec ___ and inc __ for milk prod req 2-5 days to become established, allowing for ___ to dec colostrum is released in ___ has ___ effects Galactopoeisis maintains ___ req in absence of E2, ___ inc PRL

high P E/P, PRL P first few days, antimicrobial/inflam milk prod, PRL/insulin/cort/TH suckling

NE reflex Lactation Suckling dec ___ inc ___ adjusts amt of milk synth due to ___ lactational amenorrhea __ inhib GnRH and thus ___ prolactinomas cause __ in both sexes menstrual cycles suppressed if suckling is freq enough to

hypothalamic DA, milk prod intensity of suckling PRL, gonadotropin sec infertility sustain elevated PRL

NE Reflex lactation suckling __ rate of firing of oxytocin neurons in ___ nuclei of hypothalamus inc __ inc contration of ___ called milk ___ Oxytocin recep on myoepithelial cells act via __ to inc ___ Higher centers can influence milk let down by modulating ___ release stimulated/inhib by

inc, supraoptic/paraventricular oxytocin, myoepithelial cells, let down Gq, phospholipase C oxytocin sound of baby crying/stress

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Female Repro Flashcards

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