female repro

Question 1

oogonia

Answer 1

oogenesis: oogonia %E2%86%92 ovaFixed number of oogonia (prior to birth) 1-2 million at birth 400k at puberty Meiosis begins in fetal life Complete after fertilisation Meiosis 2 only occurs if the egg is fertilised- meiosis 2 occurs in male regardless (sertoli cells for mitosis) (in between sertoli cells tight junctions to protect sperm from immune system) Sperm is different because it doesn%E2%80%99t get lost, eggs get lost400 total eggs released in a lifetime

Question 2

follicle development

Answer 2

Follicle is developing- 14 days, menstruation → ovulation
FSH and estrogen stimulate follicle growth
Dominant follicle develops
Remaining regress (atresia) - lost follicles from not being able to sustain the environment, can’t respond to lower levels of hormones- only one can develop
Beginning of cycle is lower estrogen
Graafian follicle = mature follicle
Gamete has supporting barrier to protect gamete (theca cells (androgen → estrogen)
Negative feedback, then positive feedback to release gamete

Question 3

granulosa cells

Answer 3

release estrogen and progesterone and release oocyte from Fallopian tubes. maturation of the egg. target cells of estrogen and fsh. transport nutrients to oocytes through gap junctions. secrete inhibin

Question 4

theca cells

Answer 4

convert androgen to estrogen

Question 5

uterus structure

Answer 5

outer layer- perimetrium
middle layer- myometrium- muscle layer/smooth muscle
inner layer- endometrium- acidic fluid to protect from infection, secreted from cervix
fetus growth- meiosis begins in fetal life, maintained in meiotic arrest until ovulation, uterus is the site of fetal development, ova fertilized in uterine/Fallopian tubes.

Question 6

sexual response in females

Answer 6

vascular congestion of clitoris, increased blood flow in erectile tissue
vaginal secretions for lubrication
nipple erection
orgasm: ryhthmic contraction of vagina to help sperm move, increase blood pressure and heart rate, widespread skeletal muscle contraction

Question 7

ovarian cycle follicular phase

Answer 7

menstruation to ovulation, 14 days
FSH and estrogen to stimulate follicle growth
dominant follicle develops- remaining regress, Graafian follicle = mature follicle
ovulation- LH surge triggers, from GnRH surge
oocyte is released and enters fimbrae
atresia- lost non-mature follicles- 1000+

Question 8

ovarian cycle luteal phase

Answer 8

ovulation to before menstruation
14 days
ruptured follicle- gland = corpus lute
- secretes estrogen and progesterone
- degenerates after 10 days (luteolysis)
- decreased hormones = menstruation
if oocyte is fertilized degeneration does not occur- hCG sustains corpus luteum

Question 9

uterine cycle menstruation

Answer 9

3-5 days- wide variation depending on person
triggered by fall in estrogen/progesterone
endometrial layer sheds
rupture of blood vessels after vasoconstriction causes the tissue to separate from the uterus

Question 10

uterine cycle proliferation

Answer 10

uterus renews
smooth muscle thickens and glands enlarge
increased blood vessels, mucus secretions from cervix to neutralized the acidity in vagina
estrogen begins to rise and increased growth of tissues occurs

Question 11

uterine cycle secretory

Answer 11

uterus is ready for implantation
further growth and gland enlargement and glycogen
cervical plug- thickened mucus secretions- from the cervix “plug” the uterus to prevent micro-organisms entering via the vagina and damaging the growing embryo
progesterone promotes these changes

Question 12

follicle life cycle

Answer 12

meiotic arrest
meiosis I before ovulation
meiosis II after fertilization
follicle growth is due to FSH and estrogen
at the end LH surges and ovulation occurs

Question 13

hormonal changes during the ovarian cycle

Answer 13

in the follicular phase estrogen switches from negative to positive feedback leading to the LH surge
estrogen is secreted from the follicles, then from the corpus luteum
then progesterone is secreted from the corpus luteum
corpus luteum is formed after ovulation
LH and FSH increase slightly
FSH causes the follicles to grow

Question 14

fertilization

Answer 14

oocyte is viable for 12-24 hours in the uterine tube
cilia cause oocyte to move towards the uterus for about 4 days
sperm must meet ovum during this time
fertilization takes place in uterine tube
sperm will have to penetrate the corona radiata, sperm bind to sperm dining protein
acrosome reaction is triggered and enzymes released
enzymes break through another layer allowing them to access the oocyte
sperm binding to the oocyte stimulate the meiotic division of oocyte
chromosomes of sperm and ovum migrate to the centre

Question 15

implantation

Answer 15

6-7 days post fertilization
enzyme secreted that digest endometrial cells to provide nourishment for the embryo
blastocyst attaches to endometrial lining
trophoblast penetrates endometrium and together they form a placenta

Question 16

capacitation

Answer 16

the sperm require capacitation which is the help of the female repro tract to get the sperm tails moving even more

Question 17

embryo/fetus development

Answer 17

placenta sustains fetus, fully functional around 2 months
blood flow is from maternal uterine artery and vein

Question 18

hormonal changes during pregnancy

Answer 18

hCG secreted from placenta- sustain corpus luteum
first two months: estrogen and progesterone secreted (corpus luteum)
rest of pregnancy: placenta takes over, inhibits GnRH, blocks estrogen response in uterus, prevents LH surge
progesterone is a blockade for many things

Question 19

partition (birth)

Answer 19

positive feedback loop
weak uterine contractions -> pressure of fetus against cervix -> oxytocin secretion -> then again, contractions will grow stronger
happens around 40 weeks
body prepares by releasing relaxin and settling the pubic symphysis to be spread to open the hips to account for the size of the baby head being pushed out

Question 20

formation of breast tissue

Answer 20

contains alveoli and myoepithelial cells, prolactin and oxytocin secreted
prolactin stimulates mile synthesis and oxytocin stimulates milk ejection reflex
body prepares during pregnancy and the breast tissues grow in order to make room for the milk
tactile receptors in nipple are triggered by suckling of infant
hormone that triggers the formation of breast tissue is estrogen for the duct tissue and progesterone for glandular tissue

Question 21

effect of exercise on female and male repro system

Answer 21

little impact for both, no decrease or increase in hormones, low energy ability is the most common factor

Question 22

RED-S- female triad athlete - (relative energy deficiency in sport)

Answer 22

amenorrhea, osteoporosis, disordered eating
impact on system- reproductive, skeletal, metabolic, immune, cardiovascular
impacts health and athletic performance