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GU > Female genital tract pathology > Flashcards

Female genital tract pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Main classifications of a mass

A

Neoplastic

Non-neoplastic

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2
Q

Classifications of neoplastic mass

A

Benign

Malignant (can be primary or secondary)

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3
Q

Classifications of primary malignant tumours. I.e. what tissues can they arise in?

A

Epithelial, mesenchymal, lymphoid, melanocytic, germ cell, other.

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4
Q

Classification of non neoplastic growths

A

Infections, inflammation, deposits, hamartomas, congenital. Neuroendocrine,fibrous

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5
Q 
Classification of tumours:
Name based on cell of origin-
Epithelial
Glandular epithelium
Squamous epithelium
Lymphiod
Melanocytic
Mesenchymal (fat, nerve, bones, muscle)
A 
Carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Lymphoma
Melanoma
Sarcoma
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6
Q

At birth how many primordial follicles are there

A

400 000

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7
Q

How many follicles develop each month and under what influence

A

20 FSH,LH

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8
Q

What supports the follicles in the ovary

A

Stroma

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9
Q

What are the tumours of the ovary

A

Germ cell tumours (teratomas)
Stromal tumours (e.g. fibroma)
Epithelial tumours (near fimbra)
Metastases

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10
Q

What are some non neoplastic growths in the ovary

A

PCOS, functional ovarian cysts, follicular cysts, corpus luteum cyst

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11
Q

What are some benign tumours of the ovary

A

Epithelial, germ cell or stream tumours (fibromas)

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12
Q

What are the two kinds of epithelial ovarian tumours

A

Mucinous (glandular epithelium with mucous in cytoplasm)

Serous (columnar epithelia that is ciliated)

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13
Q

Layers of fallopian tube

A

delicate smooth muscle layer, covered in serous epithelium, columnar, cilliated

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14
Q

Two non neoplastic mass in fallopian tube

A

Salpingitis

Ectopic pregnancy

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15
Q

Malignant tumours of fallopian tubes

A

Primary carcinoma

Secondary metastatic carcinoma (often from local tumours)

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16
Q

What happens with excess oestrogen

A

Excess proliferation and increased risk of neoplasia

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17
Q

Non neoplastic masses in endometrium

A 
Endometritis
Endometriosis (chronic endometritis)
18
Q

Malignant tumours of endometrium

A

Endometrial adenocarcinoma

19
Q

Non neoplastic masses in cervix

A

Cervicitis

Candida

20
Q

Non neoplastic masses in myometrium

A

Adenomyosis

21
Q

Benign tumours in the myometrium

A

Leiomyoma (fibroid)

22
Q

Malignant tumour of myometrium

A

Leiomyosarcoma (a malignant smooth muscle tumour)

23
Q

Pre malignant lesions in cervix

A

Squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL)

Adenocarcinoma in situ

24
Q

Malignant tumours of the cervix

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

25
Q

What do we detect when cervical screening

A

Pre malignant lesions of squamous intraepithelial.
Three stages
CIN I,CIN II, CIN III

26
Q

Define metaplasia, dysplasi, neoplasia

A

Metaplasia- change from cell types
Dysplasia genetic alterations to the DNA of cell which cause it to proliferate/ reproduce more (always above BM never invasive)
Neoplasia- When the tumour invades beyond BM

27
Q

What does CIN stand for

A

Cervical Intraepithelial Lesion

28
Q

Why are pre cancerous cells confined to the epithelium

A

Because there are no blood vessels above the BM an intraepithelial lesion can’t metastatasize

29
Q

How can precancerous cells become neoplastic

A

If the pre-cancerous cells undergo further mutations that allow invasions through the BM. Once through the BM the cells can invade lymphatics/ blood vessels

30
Q

Name four cancers that relate to HPV

A

Cervical cancer
Cancer of the vagina/cervix
Cancer of the penis
Cancer of the oro-pharynx

31
Q

What is the transmission rate of HPV

A

70% without a condom

30% with a condom

32
Q

Describe the progression of cervical cancer

A

Precancerous intraepithelial lesion- CIN I to CIN III depending on amount of epithelial cells effected. This is whereby dysplastic cells are confined to the epithelium and there is no invasion beyond the basement membrane. As the epithelium does not have blood vessels these cells cannot metastasise. Neoplastic cells can then undergo further mutations that allow invasion through the BM where they can now invade lymphatics/ blood vessels and metastasize.

33
Q

What strains of HPV most commonly cause cervical cancer

A

16 and 18

34
Q

Who is most at risk of cervical cancer?

A

WOMEN WHO DONT GET REGULAR SMEARS. People who have contracted high and intermediate risk strains of HPV whereby the infection has not been cleared. Co factors include sexual promiscuity, smoking, low SES, and immune deficiency.

35
Q

What is the main kind of endometrial cancer

A

Endometrial adenocarcinoma

36
Q

Risk factor for endometrial adenocarcinoma

A

Excessive oestrogenic state. Obesity, PCOS, nulliparity, early monarch/late menopause, HRT, hormone secreting tumours

37
Q

What is the technical term for fibroids and describe

A

Leiomyoma

Circumscribed nodules within the myometrium, creamy, benign tumour of smooth muscle.

38
Q

What is endometriosis and why is it a concern

A

Endometrial tissue occurring outside of the uterus.
Responds to hormones in the menstrual cycle and can cause bleeding, cysts, pain, tissue inflammation, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Can give rise to malignancy.

39
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumour

A

Serous epithelial

40
Q

What is a teratoma

A

A dermoid cyst in the ovary derived from germ cells

41
Q

What is the malignant cancer of the fallopian tube

A

Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube

42
Q

What is salpingitis

A

Inflammation of the fallopian tube (PID)

GU (9 decks)

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