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Pathology bs > Female genital tract > Flashcards

Female genital tract Flashcards

1
Q

Human papilloma virus is transmitted by sexual contact and the risk increased with increased numbers of sexual partners. What can it cause?

A
  • there are no symptoms

- thought to be the main cause of CIN and therefore cervical cancer

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2
Q

girls aged 12-13 offered HPV vaccination. What are the low and high risk types of HPV ?

A

low risk type - wart/ verrucas

high risk type - cervical cancer

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3
Q

The cervical screen test is the smear test for lab testing’s. If abnormal cells found what happens?

A
  • looking for CIN(cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia) that if left untreated can lead to cervical cancer
    referred to colposcopy
    may have biopsies taken
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4
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer ?

A

cervical cancer is invasion of the underlying stroma

  • HPV
  • smoking
  • non attendance to cervical screening programme
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5
Q

What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

A
  • abnormal discharge
  • bleeding
  • on examination the cervix appears abnormal
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6
Q

What are the treatments of cervical cancer?

A
  • depends on stage
  • local excision or radical hysterectomy
  • chemotherapy
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7
Q

What are endocervical polyps ?

A
  • benign lesion of the cervix
  • usually present with irregular vaginal bleeding
  • can remove at hysteroscopy
  • can cause miscarriages or problems with pregnancy
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8
Q

What is menorrhagia and the causes?

A
  • heavy periods
  • caused by dysfunctional uterine bleeding
  • fibroids
  • endometriosis
  • polyps …..
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9
Q
  • What are the treatments for menorrhagia?
A
  • coil
  • mefanamic and tranexamic acid
  • COCP
  • depo provera
  • endometrial ablation
  • hysterectomy
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10
Q

What are fibroids (leiomyomas) and how do they present?

A
  • benign tumours
  • arise from myometrium (uterine muscular wall)
  • can present with heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain or distension
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11
Q

What causes endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease and how does it present?

A
  • caused by infections, usually sexually transmitted
  • can present with abnormal discharge, pain or bleeding
  • may be asymptomatic
  • major cause of infertility
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12
Q

What is endometriosis and how does it present?

A
  • endometrial tissue in the wrong location ie. outside of the endometrium
  • same symptoms happen with these cycles as happen in menstrual cycle
  • can present with heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain, painful sex
  • can cause infertility
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13
Q

How is endometriosis treated?

A
  • COCP (combined oral contraceptive pill)
  • mirena coil (produces progesterone)
  • zoladex injections
  • surgery
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14
Q

What are endometrial polyps?

A
  • benign growths from endometrial cavity

- can be removed at hysteroscopy

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15
Q

What is endometrial cancer?

A
  • cancer of the lining of the uterus

- often presents as post menopausal bleeding and so detected early

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16
Q

What are the risk factors in developing endometrial cancer?

A
  • nulliparity (not having children)
  • high BMI
  • HRT (longer oestrogen exposure)
  • late menopause (longer oestrogen exposure)
17
Q

What are follicular cysts?

A
  • benign found in ovary
  • usually less then 6cm
  • often asymptomatic
    no treatment needed
18
Q

What are cystadenomas?

A
  • can be large fluid filled cysts
  • in the ovary
  • symptoms caused by pressure effect
19
Q

What are benign mature teratomas?

A
  • in the ovary

- large cysts filled with solid substance

20
Q

What is polycystic ovarian syndrome and how does it present?

A
  • multiple cysts in the ovaries
  • causes infertility
  • presents as irregular periods, no periods, infertility
21
Q

What are the treatments and complications of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A 
treatments 
- COCP 
- metformin 
- Clomifene 
Complications 
- increased cardiovascular risk 
- increased risk of type 2 diabetes 
- increased problems in pregnancy
22
Q

Ovarian cancer is usually asymptomatic especially if small and usually presents late when already spread. What is the prognosis compared to endometrial cancer?

A

poorer prognosis than endometrial cancer

23
Q

Ovarian cysts can be ____

A
  • benign or malignant
  • can be huge
  • young women aged 20-45 are normally benign
  • older women 45+ usually malignant
  • usually need ovary to be removed if cyst is large
24
Q

What are the risk factors for miscarriage?

A
  • increasing age
  • multiple pregnancies
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • connect tissue disorders in mothers
  • diabetes
25
Q

What are the treatment options for miscarriage?

A
  • conservative
  • medical with misoprostol
  • surgical usually by vacuum suction under GA
26
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • pregnancy that is non uterine. normally in tubes

- can be medical emergency. look out for pelvic pain and the test for pregnancy (raised beta-HCG levels)

27
Q

What are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancies?

A
  • coil
  • PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
  • IVF
  • previous ectopic
  • pelvic surgery
28
Q

What are the treatments for ectopic pregnancy?

A

most always surgical

this effects further pregnancy

Pathology bs (21 decks)

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