Female and Male Reproductive Systems Flashcards
Parts of the male reproductive system
Seminal Vessicle, Testses, Urethra, Epididymus, Vas deferens, Cowper’s Gland, Prostate gland,
Pathway of Sperm
HINT: STEVE Urkel
seminiferous tubules -> testes -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra.
Sperm
-Flagellum ( tail ) for swimming
-Midpiece ( mitochondria ) for energy
-Head ( nucleus )
Scrotum
Skin and muscle that cover the testes. Allows for sperm to develop at optimal temp. 35*
Epididymis
Storage and maturation of the sperm.
(immune system destroys the “bad” sperm)
Vas Deferens
Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
Ejaculatory Duct
Regulates movement of semen into the urethra.
Urethra
Carries semen and urine out of the body.
Accessory Glands
HINT: SPCA
Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, Cowpers Gland.
Seminal Vesicle
60% of the total fluid. contains fructose for energy and prostaglandin which causes rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscles in female which help move the sperm up into the uterus.
Prostate Gland
Alkaline buffer and mucus that protects sperm against acidic environments in the urethra and the vagina. increase sperm mobility.
Cowper’s Gland
Secretes an alkaline buffer and mucus prior to ejaculation. protects against acid in urine and increases mobility. It may contain sperm.
Semen
made up of sperm and seminal fluids.
Penis
delivers semen to vagina.
Ejaculation
the release of semen through the urethra. accomplished by the contraction of the vas deferens, the prostate muscles at the base of the penis under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system.
Refractory Period
period of time that must pass prior to a second erection.
Impotency
inability to produce an erection.
possible causes: nerve damage, hormone imbalance, stress, alcohol, drugs, smoking
Parts of the Female reproductive system
Fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, ovary, fimbriae, and endometrium.
Ovaries
site of oogenesis. 2 ovaries which alternate each month to produce an egg.
Follicles
Ovum and accessory cells granulosa cells, secrete estrogen.
Corpus Luteum
secrete estrogen and progesterone
Ovum
Larger than the sperm.
Ovulation
when a follicle matures, it ruptures, releasing the ovum.
Fimbriae
picks up the ovum from ovary
Fallopian tube
passage from ovary to uterus, site of implantation
Uterus
site of embryo development. 2 layers
1. endometrium- nourishes embryo, shed during menstruation, blood vessel rich.
2. myometrium- muscular layer, contracts to push baby out.
Cervix
muscular opening to the uterus
Vagina
entrance for penis as well as the birth canal
Interstitial Cells
located between seminiferous tubules. Produce testosterone. influenced by LH from the pituitary.
Sertoli Cells
located inside seminiferous tubules. secrete chemicals for the nourishment and development of sperm. responsible for spermatogenesis. produce inhibin to slow sperm production. influenced by FSH (pituitary) and testosterone (interstitial cells).
2n
full compliment DNA
46 chromosomes
23 pairs
n
half of the DNA
23 chromosomes
no pairs
Meiosis
2n -> n
Puberty
MALE
when the reproductive system completely develops and becomes fully functional. begins when hypothalamus releases GnRH.
Testosterone
stimulates spermatogenesis.
primary: reproductive organs
secondary: deeper voice, facial and pubic hair, mucle growth
Inhibin
produced by sertoli cells to inhibit FSH which slows sperm production.
Andropause
decline in testosterone production in men, around age 40.
Testosterone and Inhibin Feedback Diagram
Hypothalamus
↓
GnRH
↓
Anterior Pituitary
↙ ↘
FSH LH
↓ ↓
Sertoli Cells Interstitial Cells
↓ ↓
Sperm Making Testosterone
Inhibin and testosterone feedback loop
Hypothalamus releases GnRH which then goes to the anterior pituitary which releases FSH and LH. FSH goes to the sertoli cells which are in the testes which then produce sperm. LH goes to the interstitial cells which are in the testes which produce testosterone. increased testosterone means increase sperm production. when there is too much testosterone, sertoli cells release inhibit, which then goes to the hypothalamus and pituitary to stop FSH, GnRH and LH production.
Puberty
FEMALE
begins when hypothalamus releases GnRH. GnRH acts on anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH. FSH are carried by the blood to the ovary where follicle development is stimulated. follicles within the ovary secrete estrogen into the blood which stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics: breasts hair wider hips.
FEMALE reproductive goals
1.Develop follicle
2. develop endometrium
3. Ovulate
4. fertilize and implant
5. maintain corpus luteum and endometrium
Menstruation
about 28 days. FSH stimulates immature follicles (2n) which then turn to follicles (n) and release estrogen. the ovum starts to form. ovum is then released, this is ovulation. lute then starts to form and release progesterone and estrogen.
hormone order FELP
Hormones of the menstrual cycle
-GnRH: stimulated by high levels of estrogen, inhibited by high estrogen and progesterone, causes FSH and LH release
-FSH: promotes follicle growth
-LH: promotes ovulation, corpus luteum formation which leads to estrogen and progesterone production
-high estrogen and progesterone: promotes growth of endometrium, inhibits menstruation, inhibits GnRH. decrease in estrogen and progesterone triggers menstruation
-HCG: secreted by an embryo to prevent the corpus luteum breakdown so estrogen and progesterone levels Stay High.
Female reproduction feedback diagram
Hypothalamus
↓
GnRH
↓
Anterior Pituitary
↙ ↘
FSH LH
↓ ↓
Follicle Corpus Luteum
↓ ↓
Estrogen Progesterone
Female reproduction feedback loop
The hypothalamus releases GnRH which travels to the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH. FSH goes to the follicle which is in the ovary and releases estrogen. LH goes to the corpus luteum which is in the ovary and releases progesterone and estrogen. the estrogen from the follicle then stops the production of FSH but increases production of LH. the progesterone and estrogen stop production for both FSH and LH.
Menstrual Cycle
- Flow phase Days 1 to 5. endometrium is shed, follicle growth in ovary. estrogen and progesterone levels are low.
- Follicular phase days 6 to 13. follicles grow and mature and secrete estrogen, which thickens endometrium and stimulates GnRH and LH.
- Ovulation day 14. Peaks causing ovum to burst from the follicle into the ovary then into the fallopian tube.
- Luteal phase days 15 to 28. LH causes corpus luteum to develop from follicle corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone. endometrium thickens and is maintained, progesterone prevents contractions inhibits GnRH LH and FSH.
cycle begins again due to low estrogen and progesterone levels.
Spermatogenesis
Location: testis. the follicle which is 2n undergoes meiosis 1, which converts the follicle into two n cells. the end cells then undergo meiosis too which convert them into four n cells, which are four equal sperm.
oogenesis
Location: ovaries and fallopian tube. the follicle which is 2N undergoes meiosis 1, which converts the follicle into one big n sell and one small n cell. They then undergo meiosis too which converts them into one large n cell and three small n cells. the three cells are polar bodies which die and get reabsorbed by the body. only the large n cell is left, this is the egg.
