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ANAT3007 > Female Anatomy > Flashcards

Female Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What ligaments are in the female reproductive system?

A
  1. Broad
  2. Gubernaculum derived (ovarian and round)
  3. Other ligaments (lower uterus, cervix, upper vagina)
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2
Q

Where is the broad ligament?

A

Lateral pelvic wall to sides of uterus

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3
Q

What are the subdivisions of the broad ligament?

A
  1. Mesometrium
  2. Mesoalpinx
  3. Mesovarium
  4. Suspensory ligament of ovary
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4
Q

What passes through the suspensory ligament of the ovary? Where do they go?

A

Blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels.

Ovary

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5
Q

What is an anterior fold of the ‘other ligaments’?

A

Uterovesicular fold

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6
Q

Where does the uterovesicular fold extend?

A

Bladder to cervix

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7
Q

What is a posterior fold of the ‘other’ ligaments?

A

Rectovaginal fold

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8
Q

Where does the rectovaginal fold extend?

A

Rectum to posterior fornix

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9
Q

What ligaments are the lateral edges of the rectovaginal fold?

A

Uterosacral ligaments

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10
Q

How is the cervical ligament oriented?

A

Radially

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11
Q

What are the most important sides of the cervical ligament?

A

Transverse/cardinal

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12
Q

Where does the cervical ligament extend?

A

Sides of cervix/vault of vagina to lateral wall of pelvis

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13
Q

How long is the ovary?

A

3cm

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14
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

In ovarian fossa adjacent to lateral wall of pelvis

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15
Q

What is the ovarian fossa?

A

Shallow indentation between the lateral attachment of the broad ligament anteriorly and the ureter and internal iliac vessels posteriorly

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16
Q

Why might the position of the ovary vary?

A

Pregnancy

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17
Q

What are the surfaces of the ovary?

A
  1. Mesovarian (anterior)
  2. Free border (posterior)
  3. Tubal extremity (superior)
  4. Uterine extermity (inferior)
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18
Q

To which surface does the suspensory ligament and single ovarian fimbra from uterine attach?

A

Tubal extremity

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19
Q

What is the hilum of the ovary?

A

Where vessels enter ovary from suspensory ligament

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20
Q

Where do the ampulla and infundibulum of uterine tubes curve around the ovary?

A

Posteriorly

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21
Q

What does the inside of the ovary consist of?

A

Innver vascular medulla

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22
Q

What does the outside of the ovary consist of?

A

Outer cortex with ovarian follicles

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23
Q

What does each follicle contain?

A

Ovum and surrounding endocrine cells.

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24
Q

What does the mature follicle accumulate? Where does it accumulate?

A 
Viscous fluid (antral fluid)
Internal cavity or antrum
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25
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Temporary break in the otherwise intact surface of the ovary

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26
Q

What are the ovum and supporting cells collected by? How?

A

Fimbriae of the uterine tube

Combination of ciliary action and muscular contractions

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27
Q

Where do the ovum and supporting cells go after collection?

A

They are transported to the ampulla of the uterine tube where either fertilisation occurs or the ovum degenerates.

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28
Q

What happens if fertilisation occurs?

A

The fertilised ovum (blastocyst) is transported through the isthmus and intramural of the uterine tube and into the uterus where implantation occurs.

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29
Q

What happens to the supporting cells after fertilisation?

A

They degenerate

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30
Q

What do the endocrine cells of the follicile produced prior to ovulation?

A

Oestrogen

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31
Q

What do the remaining endocrine cells after ovulation form?

A

Corpus luteum

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32
Q

What does the corpus luteum produce?

A

Progesterone

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33
Q

Where is the uterine tube in relation to the ovary?

A

Anterosuperior

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34
Q

Where is the infundibulum in relation to the ovary?

A

Lateral

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35
Q

Where are the external iliac vessels in relation to the ovary?

A

Superior

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36
Q

Where are the internal iliac vessels and ureter in relation to the ovary?

A

Posterior

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37
Q

How long are the uterine tubes?

A

10 cm long

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38
Q

What are the uterine tubes attached to?

A

Upper margin of the broad ligament

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39
Q

The uterine tubes are open at both ends making them vulnerable. T or F.

A

True

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40
Q

What are the 4 regions of the uterine tubes?

A
  1. Infundibulum with folds (fimbriae)
  2. Ampulla (lateral 2/3, fertilisation occurs here)
  3. Isthmus
  4. Intramural
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41
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterine tubes?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Seros (peritoneum)
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42
Q

The mucosa layer is elaborately folded in the distal parts of the tube but there are no glands. T or F.

A

True

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43
Q

What are all regions in the uterine tubes lined with?

A

Epithelium consisting of ciliated and secretory cells.

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44
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

Involved in the movement of the ovum

45
Q

What is the function of the secretory cells?

A

Produce a nutritive fluid to maintain the ovum.

46
Q

What are the vestigal structures in the form of tubules or cysts a remnant of? Where does this occur?

A

Mesonephric dcuts.

In the mesoalpix and also in other parts of the broad ligament and in the walls of the uterus, cervic and vagina.

47
Q

Where is the uterus located?

A

Between the bladder and rectum.

48
Q

What is the general orientation of the uterus?

A

Anteverted in 80% of women.

49
Q

What happens to the uterus as the bladder fills?

A

Becomes more vertical.

50
Q

What are the 3 regions of the uterus?

A

Fundus, body, cervix

51
Q

Where is the fundus of the uterus?

A

Above entry of tubes

52
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Serosa
53
Q

What is the function of the endometrium?

A

Specialised mucosa containing uterine glands

54
Q

What type of muscle is the myometrium comprised of?

A

Smooth

55
Q

What is the serosa continuous with?

A

Peritoneum

56
Q

What happens to the uterus during pregnancy?

A
  1. Wall thins
  2. Muscle cells hypertrophy
  3. Abdominal organs displaced - fundus reaches epigastric region by 8th month of pregnancy
57
Q

What are the 2 regions of the endometrium?

A
  1. Thick inner layer (functionalis)

2. Thinner outer region adjacent to the muscle (basalis)

58
Q

What happens to the functionalis during menstruation?

A

It is sloughed

59
Q

What happens to the basalis after menstruation?

A

Regenerate into a new functionalis

60
Q

Where do the glands of the endometrium extend?

A

Across both regions

61
Q

The functionalis and basalis have their separate blood supplies. T or F.

A

True.

62
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Menstrual phase
  2. Proliferative phase
  3. Ovulation
  4. Secretory phase
63
Q

What occurs during the menstrual phase?

A

Shedding of functionalis as a result of declining progesterone levels as corpus luteum ceases functioning.

64
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase?

A

Regeneration of a new functionalis under the influence of oestrogen from the developing ovarian follicles (this regeneration is actually initiated during the latter part of the menstrual phase, whilst the previous functionalis is still being sloughed)

65
Q

What stimulates ovulation?

A

High levels of oestrogen which in turn causes a surge of pituitary hormone (LH)

66
Q

What happens during the secretory phase if fertilisation occurs?

A

Endometrial glands secrete a nutritive fluid which will support a blastocyst should fertilisation have occurred.

67
Q

What happens during the secretory phase if fertilisation doesn’t occur?

A

The corpus luteum degenerates

68
Q

What happens when the corpus luteum degenerates?

A

Results in a sharp decline in levels of circulating progesterone which affects the blood vessels supplying the functionalis which subsequently breaks down.

69
Q

How does the cervix compare to the uterus?

A

It is narrower, more cylindrical and less mobile. Narrow canal.

70
Q

What the anterior and lateral sides of the cervix embedded in?

A

Pelvic fascia

71
Q

What is the posterior surface of the cervix covered with?

A

Peritoneum, which is part of the lining of the rectouterine pouch

72
Q

What are the 2 regions of the cervix? What are each comprised of?

A
  1. Endocervix (simple columna epithelium lining plus mucus producing glands)
  2. Extocervix (stratified epithelium lining, protrudes into vault of vagina)
73
Q

What is the junction between the two types of epithelium called?

A

Transformation zone.

74
Q

What are enlarged cervical glands called?

A

Nabothian cysts.

75
Q

What is the groove around the protruding opening called?

A

Fornix - a single groove but often described as consisting of anterior, posterior, lateral regions

76
Q

What are the 2 layers of the cervix?

A

Mucosa, muscle + peritoneum posterioly

77
Q

What are the exceptions to the layers of the cervix?

A

Posteriorly there are 3 layers

78
Q

Mucos is involved in menstruation. T or F.

A

False

79
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Vault to vestibule

80
Q

How is the vagina oriented?

A

Posterosuperiorly

81
Q

What is the shape of the vagina?

A

Lumen H shaped with opposing walls touching except at vault.

82
Q

What is the vagina embedded in? Where are the exception?

A

Pelvic fascia.

Except posterior vault which faces rectouterine pouch

83
Q

What are the arteries of the internal female genitalia?

A
  1. Ovarian artery
  2. Uterine branch of internal iliac artery
  3. Vaginal branches of internal iliac artery
84
Q

Where is the ovarian artery located?

A

Off abdominal aorta

85
Q

Where does the ovarian artery travel?

A
  1. Crosses external iliac artery at pelvic brim
  2. Enters suspensory ligament
  3. Divides into ovarian and uterine tube branches (1-3 per side)
86
Q

Where does the uterine branch of internal iliac artery travel?

A

Ascends through broad ligament and supplies transverse branches to uterus and uterine tube

87
Q

There are extensive side to side anastomoses between contralateral uterine and vaginal branches. T or F.

A

True

88
Q

What veins drain the ovaries?

A

Pampinform plexus forms 2 ovarian veins in suspensory ligament.

89
Q

What do the 2 ovarian veins becomes? Where do each side empty?

A

Join to form single ovarian vein to empty on right into IVC and on left into left renal vein

90
Q

What veins drain the uterine tube?

A
  1. Lateral 1/3 –> ovarian veins

2. Medial 2/3 –> uterine veins

91
Q

What veins drain the uterus and vagina?

A

Uterine and vaginal plexus –> uterine and vaginal vein –> internal iliac vein

92
Q

What lymph vessels drain the female internal genitalia?

A

Internal and external iliac nodes
Rectal and sacral
Superifical inguinal
Aortic and preaortic

93
Q

What nerves supply the female internal genitalia?

A

Ovarian and hypogastric plexuses

94
Q

What are the structures in the external female genitalia?

A
  1. Mons
  2. Labia majora
  3. Labia minor
  4. Clitoris
  5. Vaginal orifice
  6. Urethral orifice
95
Q

What is the mons?

A

Fatty and fibrous CT covered with hairy skin anterior to pubic symphysis

96
Q

What is the labia majora?

A

Folds containing fatty CT

97
Q

What is the labia majora covered with?

A

Hairy skin externally and lined with smooth moist skin.

98
Q

What is the labia majora separated by?

A

Pudendal cleft

99
Q

Where does the labia majora join?

A

Anterior and posterior commissures

100
Q

What and where is the labia minora?

A

Folds on either side of vaginal and urethral openings, within the labia majora.

101
Q

What is the labia minor covered with?

A

Moist skin

102
Q

What does it anteriorly split to cover?

A

Clitorus (superior - prepuce, inferior - frenulum)

103
Q

What is the posterior side of the labia minora called?

A

Frenulum of labia

104
Q

What does the clitoris resemble? What is different?

A

Penis. It does not contain urethra

105
Q

What does the clitoris contain?

A
  1. 2 Corpora cavernosae
  2. Crura
  3. Ischiocavernous muscle
  4. Glans + 2 bulbs separated by vaginal vestibule + bulbospongiosus muscle
106
Q

Where is the ischiocavernous muscle located?

A

Just medial to ischopubic rami

107
Q

Where is the urethral orifice?

A

Between vaginal orifice and clitorus

108
Q

What are the vascular structures involved in female genitalia?

A

Internal pudendal artery supplies labia, bulb and clitorus.

ANAT3007 (5 decks)

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