Female Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Why do nuns often get ovarian cancer?

A

Many more ovulations than the average woman leads to more cell regeneration and therefore an increased risk of ovarian cancer

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2
Q

Where are ectopic pregnancies most commonly located?

A

Ampulla of the Fallopian tubes, as this is where fertilisation commonly takes place

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3
Q

Why does the stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina contain vacuoles filled with glycogen?

A

Provides nutrition for native flora such as lactobacillus that regulate pH and have a protective effect against infections

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4
Q

How might a retroverted or retroflexed uterus manifest?

A

Dysfunction of the round ligament eg after pregnancy. Ligament stretches and can no longer pull uterus towards the anterior wall of the pelvic cavity

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5
Q

Give three functions of the pelvic floor

A

Support pelvic organs and prevent prolapse
Maintain urinary and faecal continence
Facilitate childbirth

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6
Q

By What three mechanisms does the pelvic floor provide support?

A

Suspension
Attachment
Fusion

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7
Q

What two bones do pelvic floor muscles attach to and therefore act as a sling between?

A

Coccyx and pubic bone

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8
Q

Which ligaments are important for providing suspension to the pelvic organs?

A

Cardinal ligaments - hold the cervix and upper vagina in place

Uterosacral ligaments - hold the cervix and upper vagina laterally

Round ligament - maintains antiverted uterus

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9
Q

What fascial structures provide attachment of the pelvic floor to the pelvic organs?

A

Argus tendinosus fascia pelvis (white line)

Endopelvic fascia

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10
Q

What relevance does the endopelvic fascia have to urinary continence?

A

Urethra lies anterior and superior to it and therefore is compressed by it when intraabdominal pressure is raised

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11
Q

What is the importance of the perineal body?

A

It is a major site of insertion for the levator ani muscles

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12
Q

Name the three levator ani muscles

A

Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus

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13
Q

Name the perineal muscles that lie superficial to the levator ani muscles

A

Transverse perineal muscles (superficial and deep)

Bulbospongiosus

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14
Q

What is the blood supply and nerves supply to the pelvic floor?

A

Internal and external pudendal arteries and corresponding veins

Pudendal nerve

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15
Q

What lymphatic drainage covers the pelvic floor?

A

Inguinal lymph nodes

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16
Q

What is vaginismus?

A

Tension in the pelvic muscles

17
Q

What three types of prolapse cover all anterior compartment prolapses?

A

Cystocele, urethrocoele, cystourethrocoele

18
Q

What are the types of middle compartment prolapse?

A

Uterine prolapse
Whole uterus - procidentia
Post hysterectomy uterine prolapse - vault prolapse

19
Q

What are the types of posterior compartment prolapses?

A

Rectocele (rectum)

Enterocele (loops of bowel)

20
Q

What would an episiotomy reduce the risk of?

What else would reduce the risk?

A

Perineal trauma and 3rd and 4th degree tears

Encouraging the mother not to push as the babies head is crowning