Female 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Follicular cyst vs. serous cystadenoma.
A
Follicular cyst: Theca interna layer.
2
Q
Luteinized follicular cyst of pregnancy:
A. Median size.
B. Histology.
A
A. 25 cm.
B. Lined by luteinized cells with hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei.
3
Q
Corpus-luteum cyst: Presentation (3).
A
Incidental.
Endocrine abnormalities, e.g. hyperestrinism, irregular menstruation.
Rupture and bleeding into the peritoneum.
4
Q
Corpus-luteum cyst vs. corpus luteum.
A
The cyst is more than 2 cm in diameter.
5
Q
Follicular cyst: Syndrome.
A
McCune−Albright:
− Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.
− Irregular patches of pigmented skin.
− Endocrine dysplasia.
6
Q
Hyperreactio luteinalis:
A. Association.
B. Presentation (2).
A
A. Elevated hCG as in pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease.
B. Usually asymptomatic; may cause a mass.
7
Q
Hyperreactio luteinalis: Gross pathology.
A
Both ovaries are enlarged by multiple thin-walled cysts filled with blood or serous fluid.
8
Q
Hyperreactio luteinalis: Histology (2).
A
Cysts lined by luteinized theca interna with or without granulosa layer.
Ovarian stroma may be edematous.
9
Q
Hyperreactio luteinalis vs. large luteinized follicular cyst of pregnancy.
A
The latter is solitary.
10
Q
Hyperreactio luteinalis: Associated tumor.
A
Rarely coexists with a pregnancy luteoma.
11
Q
Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Typical age at presentation.
A
Third decade.
12
Q
Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Laboratory abnormalities (2).
A
Most cases: Increased ratio of LH to FSH.
Some cases: Hyperprolactinemia.
13
Q
Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Histology (3).
A
Ovarian cortex: Thickened, collagenous; thick-walled vessels.
Cysts: Follicular cysts in which only the theca interna is luteinized.
Stroma: Nodular luteinization; no corpora lutea or albicantia.
14
Q
Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Pathogenesis.
A
Hyperandrogenemia with increased conversion of androstenedione to estrone.
15
Q
Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Possible effects on the endometrium (2).
A
Hyperplasia.
Adenocarcinoma.
16
Q
Stromal hyperthecosis: Typical age at presentation.
A
Postmenopausal.
17
Q
Stromal hyperthecosis in premenopausal women: Presentations (2).
A
More common: − Virilization. − Obesity. − Glucose intolerance. − Hypertension.
Less common: Resembles PCOS.
18
Q
Stromal hyperthecosis: Gross pathology.
A
The cut surface of BOTH ovaries contains white or yellow areas.
19
Q
Stromal hyperthecosis: Histology.
A
Luteinized cells in the stroma occur singly or in clusters or nodules.
These luteinized cells are not associated with follicles.
20
Q
HAIR-AN syndrome: Components.
A
Hyperandrogenemia.
Insulin resistance.
Acanthosis nigricans.
21
Q
HAIR-AN syndrome: Histology of ovary.
A
In some cases, there is stromal hyperthecosis + edema and fibrosis.
22
Q
Stromal hyperplasia: Presentation.
A
Similar to that of stromal hyperthecosis in premenopausal women.
23
Q
Stromal hyperplasia: Gross pathology.
A
Similar to that of stromal hyperthecosis.
24
Q
Stromal hyperplasia: Histology (2).
A
Diffuse or vaguely nodular increase in stromal cells.
Minimal collagen.
25
Stromal hyperplasia vs. ovarian fibroma.
Fibroma:
− Much collagen.
− Larger nuclei.
26
Stromal hyperplasia vs. low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma of the ovary (2).
LGESS:
− More mitotic figures.
− Regularly distributed thin-walled vessels.
27
Massive edema and fibrosis of the ovary:
A. Age group.
B. Presentation.
A. Second decade.
B. Abdominal pain.
28
Massive edema and fibrosis of the ovary:
A. Laterality.
B. Possible complication.
A. Usually unilateral.
B. Torsion.
29
Massive edema of the ovary: Gross pathology.
White cut surface with seeping fluid and sometimes with hemorrhage.
30
Massive edema of the ovary: Histology (3).
Edema of stroma with sparing of outer cortex.
Venous congestion and dilatation of lymphatics.
May contain clusters of lutein cells.
31
Fibromatosis of the ovary: Gross pathology.
Smooth or lobulated cut surface, sometimes with cysts.
32
Fibromatosis of the ovary: Histology.
Proliferating spindle cells and collagen surround follicles.
33
Fibroma vs. fibromatosis.
In ovarian fibroma, there are no follicles.
34
Pregnancy luteoma: Typical patient.
Black multipara in her third or fourth decade.
35
Pregnancy luteoma: Possible presentation (2).
Mother: Hirsutism, virilization.
Infant: Virilism.
36
Pregnancy luteoma: Gross pathology (3).
Multiple in half of cases.
Bilateral in one third of cases.
Yellow-brown or gray on cut surface.
37
Pregnancy luteoma: Architecture.
Well-circumscribed nodules in a sparse stroma.
38
Pregnancy luteoma: Cytology.
Nuclei: Round; may be hyperchromatic; may show moderate mitotic activity.
Cytoplasm: Polygonal, abundant, eosinophilic, granular.
39
Pregnancy luteoma vs. luteinized thecoma (2).
Pregancy luteoma:
− Related to pregnancy.
− Contains no lipid.
40
Pregnancy luteoma vs. lipid-poor steroid tumor.
Lipid-poor steroid tumor
− Rarely bilateral.
− More mitotic activity.
41
Endometriosis: Inflammatory reaction.
Histiocytes, pseudoxanthoma cells.
42
Endometriosis vs. endometrioid cystadenoma.
Endometrioid cystadenoma: No endometrial stroma.
43
Endometriosis: Benign histologic variations (2).
Hyperplasia, metaplasia.
44
Ovarian malignancy associated with endometriosis:
A. Risk factor.
B. Most common types (2).
A. Hyperestrogenic state.
B. Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary, clear-cell carcinoma of the ovary.
45
Follicular cyst: Layers.
Luminal: Granulosa cells (small and dark).
Basal: Theca interna cells (large and pale).
46
Benign ovarian serous tumors: Types (5).
Cystadenoma.
Papillary cystadenoma.
Surface papilloma.
Adenofibroma.
Cystadenofibroma.
47
Benign ovarian serous tumors: Lining cells.
Typically resemble those of the Fallopian tube; may also be columnar secretory cells.
48
Ovarian serous cystadenoma vs. epithelial inclusion cyst.
Inclusion cyst: Less than 1 cm in diameter.
49
Simple cyst.
Term used when it is unclear whether a structure is a follicular cyst or a serous cystadenoma.
50
Rete cystadenoma:
A. Origin.
B. Histology.
A. Rete ovarii.
B. Nonciliated epithelial lining; smooth muscle and hilus cells in the wall.
51
Serous borderline tumor:
A. Synonym.
B. Age group.
A. Atypical proliferative serous tumor.
B. 30-60 years of age.
52
Serous borderline tumor: Histology (2).
Complex papillae with hierarchical branching.
No destructive stromal invasion.
53
Serous borderline tumor: Implants (3).
Consist of proliferating epithelium with complex glands, resembling the tumor in the ovary.
Not regarded as metastasis.
Present in peritoneum or in lymph nodes.
54
Serous borderline tumor: Immunohistochemistry (2).
Positive: WT-1.
Usually weak or negative: p53.
55
Micropapillary serous carcinoma: Histology.
Micropapillae
− Long and thin; no hierarchical branching.
− No fibrovascular core (by definition).
− Arise from edematous true papillae that do not invade the stroma.
56
Micropapillary serous carcinoma: Classification.
Regarded as a serous borderline tumor and as a low-grade carcinoma.
57
Serous borderline tumor: Treatment.
Tumors confined to the ovary: Surgical excision cures more than 95% of patients.
58
Ovarian carcinomas of type 1:
A. Stage at presentation.
B. Behavior.
A. Usually stage 1.
B. Slow-growing and usually retain low grade.
59
Ovarian carcinomas of type 1:
A. Histology.
B. Genetics.
A. Analogous to that of cystadenomas and borderline tumors.
B. Mutations in KRAS/BRAF are more common than mutations in TP53.
60
Ovarian carcinomas of type 1: Examples (5).
Serous carcinoma (grade 1).
Mucinous, endometrioid, and clear-cell carcinomas.
Transitional-cell carcinomas.
61
Ovarian carcinomas of type 2:
A. Stage at presentation.
B. Behavior (2).
A. Usually high stage.
B. Arises de novo; aggressive behavior.
62
Ovarian carcinomas of type 2: Genetics.
Mutations in TP53 are much more common than mutations in KRAS/BRAF.
63
Ovarian carcinomas of type 2: Examples (2).
Serous carcinoma (grade 2 or grade 3).
Carcinosarcoma.
64
Low-grade ovarian serous carcinoma: Gross pathology (2).
Bilateral in 80% to 90% of cases.
More than 90% of tumors are in advanced stage.
65
Low-grade ovarian serous carcinoma: Histology (3).
Papillae with infiltration of ovarian stroma.
Psammoma bodies
− Present in most well-differentiated tumors.
− May exceed the epithelial component ("psammocarcinoma").
66
High-grade ovarian serous carcinoma: Origin.
Fimbriae of Fallopian tubes.
67
High-grade ovarian serous carcinoma: Gross pathology (2).
Bilateral in about 65% of cases.
May be mostly cystic (if well-differentiated) or solid.
68
High-grade ovarian serous carcinoma: Architecture (2).
Desmoplastic invasion of stroma.
Few papillae; mostly solid growth.
69
High-grade ovarian serous carcinoma: Cytology.
High-grade nuclei with atypical mitotic figures.
Cellular budding and stratification.
70
High-grade ovarian serous carcinoma: Additional finding.
Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma in the Fallopian tube.
71
Serous ovarian carcinomas: Immunohistochemistry (5,1).
Positive: Cytokeratin, EMA, vimentin, CA125, WT-1.
Negative: CEA.
72
Retiform Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary:
A. Age group.
B. Presentation.
A. First decade.
B. May cause virilization.
73
Retiform Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary: Histology (2).
Bland cells with scant cytoplasm line tubules and cysts.
Other types of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor usually coexist.
74
Proportion of ___ ovarian tumors that are benign.
A. Serous.
B. Mucinous.
A. 70%.
| B. 75-85%.
75
Benign ovarian mucinous tumors: Histology (2).
Endocervical- or intestinal-type epithelium.
May contain Paneth cells.
76
Benign ovarian mucinous tumors: Immunohistochemistry.
Positive: CK7.
77
Mucinous cystadenoma vs. mucin-secreting serous cystadenoma.
In a serous tumor, any mucin is apical only.
78
Follicular cyst: Special stain.
Reticulin stains demonstrates network around thecal cells but not about granulosa cells.
79
Pseudomyxoma peritonei: Associated tumors (2).
Appendiceal tumor.
Mucinous ovarian tumor.
80
Mucinous borderline tumors: Possible laboratory abnormality.
Elevated serum inhibin.
81
Mucinous borderline tumors: Types.
Endocervical-type: Less common, more likely to be bilateral, smaller.
Intestinal-type: More common, less likely to be bilateral, larger.
82
Mucinous borderline tumor vs. benign mucinous tumor (4).
Borderline mucinous tumor:
− More crowding of structures.
− More nuclear atypia.
− More nuclear stratification.
− More mitotic activity.
83
Mucinous carcinoma of the ovary: Possible laboratory findings (4).
Elevated
− CEA.
− CA19-9.
− CA125.
− Inhibin.
84
Mucinous carcinoma of the ovary: Laterality.
Less than 20% are bilateral.
85
Mucinous carcinoma of the ovary: Immunohistochemistry (3,2).
Positive: CK7, CK20, CEA.
Negative: Vimentin, WT-1.
86
Krukenberg's tumor: Origin (2).
Stomach (#1).
Breast.
87
Krukenberg's tumor vs. mucinous carcinoma of the ovary.
Krukenberg's tumor:
− Usually bilateral.
− Contains signet-ring cells.
88
Mucinous carcinoma of the ovary: Prognosis.
Five-year-survival rate is about 40%.
89
Endometrioid tumors of the ovary: Types.
Carcinoma (most tumors).
Benign tumors (rare).
Borderline tumors (rare).
90
Endometrioid tumors of the ovary: Laboratory finding.
Elevated serum CA125.
91
Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary: Laterality.
About 30% of tumors are bilateral.
92
Endometrioid tumors of the ovary: Histology (3).
Benign: Usually adenofibromatous.
Borderline: Usually adenofibromatous; squamous morules often.
Malignant: Stromal invasion; squamous morules often.
93
Clear-cell tumors of the ovary: Types.
Carcinoma (most tumors).
Benign tumors (rare).
Borderline tumors (rare).
94
Benign ovarian mucinous tumors: Associated tumors (4).
Dermoid cyst.
Appendiceal mucoceles.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei.
Brenner tumors.
95
Clear-cell tumors of the ovary: Histology (3).
Benign: Usually adenofibromatous; mature glands.
Borderline: Usually adenofibromatous; atypical glands.
Malignant: Stromal invasion.
96
Clear-cell tumors of the ovary: Risk factors (2).
Endometriosis.
Malignant clear-cell tumor: Nulliparity.
97
Clear-cell tumors of the ovary: Stains (2).
Positive: PAS (diastase sensitive), cytokeratin.
98
Clear-cell carcinoma of the ovary: Appearances of cells (5).
Hobnail.
Flat.
Signet-ring.
Clear.
Oxyphilic.
99
Clear-cell carcinoma of the ovary: Additional cytologic features (3).
Inconspicuous nucleoli.
Many abnormal mitotic figures.
Hyaline globules.
100
Clear-cell carcinoma of the ovary: Patterns of growth (4).
Papillary.
Tubulocystic.
Solid.
Mixed.
101
Transitional-cell tumors of the ovary:
A. Synonym.
B. Types (3).
A. Brenner tumors.
B. Benign (most cases), borderline, malignant.
102
Benign transitional-cell tumor of the ovary: Cytology (2).
Nucleus: Grooved.
Cytoplasm: Pale.
103
Benign transitional-cell tumor of the ovary: Architecture (3).
Well-defined nests and trabeculae of transitional epithelium.
Cysts lined by glandular epithelium.
Densely fibrotic stroma.
104
Borderline transitional-cell tumor of the ovary: Cytology.
More necrosis, more mitotic activity than in benign tumor.
105
Borderline transitional-cell tumor of the ovary: Architecture.
Nests are poorly defined.
106
Transitional-cell carcinoma of the ovary: Cytology (3).
More pleomorphism.
More mitotic activity.
Occasional necrosis.
107
Transitional-cell carcinoma of the ovary: Architecture (2).
Destructive stromal invasion.
Some single tumor cells.
108
Transitional-cell tumors of the ovary: Immunohistochemistry (2).
Positive: CK8/18.
Negative: CK20.
109
Benign transitional-cell tumor vs. mucinous cystadenoma.
Mucinous cystadenoma: No transitional cells.
110
Transitional-cell tumors of the ovary: Associated tumors (4).
Dermoid cyst.
Struma ovarii.
Carcinoid tumor.
Mucinous cystadenoma.
111
Transitional-cell carcinoma of the ovary: Prognosis.
Poor unless unilateral.
112
Malignant mixed müllerian tumor of the ovary: Epithelial component (2).
Serous or endometrioid carcinoma.
There may be bizarre tumor cells.
113
Malignant mixed müllerian tumor of the ovary: Mesenchymal component (6).
Homologous
− Endometrial stromal sarcoma.
− Fibrosarcoma.
− Leiomyosarcoma.
Heterologous
− Chondrosarcoma.
− Rhabdomyosarcoma.
− Osteosarcoma.
114
Malignant mixed müllerian tumor of the ovary vs. immature teratoma (3).
Immature teratoma
− First and second decades of life.
− Contains immature neuroectodermal tissue.
− Cartilage is immature rather than chondrosarcomatous.
115
Malignant mixed müllerian tumor of the ovary: Behavior.
Early metastasis to omentum, pelvic organs, liver.
116
Most common ovarian sex cord−stromal tumor.
Fibroma.
117
Ovarian fibroma: Genetic association.
Basal-cell-nevus syndrome.
118
Ovarian fibroma: Nongenetic associations.
Meigs' syndrome: Ascites, hydrothorax, ovarian fibroma.
No hormonal association (nonfunctioning tumor).
119
Ovarian fibroma:
A. Laterality.
B. Size.
A. The vast majority are bilateral.
B. Most are greater than 3 cm; if less than 1 cm, it is a fibromatosis nodule.
120
Ovarian fibroma: Cytology (2).
Bland spindle cells, often in a storiform pattern, with few mitotic figures.
A minor sex-cord component (tubules) may be present.
121
Ovarian fibroma: Stroma.
Hyalinized and often exhibits intercellular edema.
122
Thecoma: Clinical types.
Classic: Postmenopausal women.
Luteinized: Younger patients, estrogenic, can cause endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma.
123
Thecoma: Laterality.
Most are unilateral.
124
Classic thecoma: Histology (3).
Plump, lipid-laden, haphazardly arranged spindle cells.
Hyaline plaques may be present.
Granulosa cells make up less than 10% of the tumor.
125
Luteinized thecoma: Histology.
Theca cells and spindle cells are luteinized (much clear or pink cytoplasm; central, round nucleus).
126
Thecoma: Stains (2).
Positive: Reticulin (fibers surround cells), inhibin.
127
Thecoma vs. stromal hyperthecosis.
Stromal hyperthecosis: Almost always bilateral.
128
Adult granulosa-cell tumor: Age of peak incidence.
Fifth decade.
129
Adult granulosa-cell tumor: Possible hormonal manifestations (3).
Uterine bleeding.
Endometrial hyperplasia.
Endometrial carcinoma.
130
Adult granulosa-cell tumor: Acute complication.
Rupture and bleeding into the peritoneum.
131
Adult granulosa-cell tumor: Classic pattern.
Microfollicular.
132
Adult granulosa-cell tumor: Variant appearances of granulosa cells (2).
Luteinized.
Large, dark nuclei; sometimes multinucleate.
133
Adult granulosa-cell tumor: Features of diffuse and sarcomatoid patterns (5).
Less differentiation.
Few Call-Exner bodies.
More nuclear pleomorphism.
More mitotic activity.
Spindle cells.
134
Adult granulosa-cell tumor: Other patterns (5).
Trabecular.
Insular.
Macrofollicular.
Watered-silk.
Gyriform.
135
Adult granulosa-cell tumor: Immunohistochemistry (3,1).
Positive: Inhibin, calretinin, vimentin.
Often positive: CD56.
136
Adult granulosa-cell tumor: Prognosis (2).
May recur decades later.
Stage I: Ten-year survival rate is 80-90%.
137
Juvenile granulosa-cell tumor: Age group.
First three decades of life.
138
Juvenile granulosa-cell tumor vs. adult granulosa-cell tumor: Cytology (3).
The cells of juvenile granulosa-cell tumor
− Lack nuclear grooves.
− Have more cytoplasm.
− Are often luteinized.
139
Juvenile granulosa-cell tumor: Additional cytologic features (2).
There may be nuclear atypia.
There may be frequent mitotic figures.
140
Juvenile granulosa-cell tumor vs. adult granulosa-cell tumor: Contents of follicles.
JGCT: Mucicarmine-positive secretions.
AGCT: Basement-membrane matter.
141
Juvenile granulosa-cell tumor: Prognosis.
Usually good; excision cures some.
142
Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: Age of peak incidence.
Second decade.
143
Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: Histologic components.
Pseudo-lobules.
Thin-walled vessels.
144
Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: Cells of pseudo-lobules (2).
Fibroblasts.
Vacuolated, lipid-laden cells.
145
Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: Stroma of pseudo-lobules.
Edematous or densely collagenous (sclerosing).
146
Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: Immunohistochemistry (2).
Positive: Inhibin, vascular markers.
147
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Age of peak incidence.
Second decade.
148
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Function.
Usually nonfunctioning but can be androgenic or estrogenic.
149
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Cytology (2).
Most tumors: Similar to benign Sertoli cells.
Some tumors: Large, lipid-rich Sertoli cells.
150
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Architecture (3).
Tubules filled with neoplastic Sertoli cells.
Fibrous or hyalinized stroma.
No Leydig cells.
151
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Immunohistochemistry (2,1).
Positive: Cytokeratin, inhibin.
Negative: EMA.
152
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Prognosis.
Excellent if well differentiated.
Regarded as a low-grade malignancy.
153
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary: Age group.
Any age, but especially in the second decade.
154
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Endocrine effect.
Virilization or hirsutism due may be seen in half of patients.
155
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Possible hematologic manifestation.
Erythrocytosis due to androgens.
156
Juvenile granulosa-cell tumor: Histology (3).
Sheets of cells and immature follicles.
157
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Histology of well-differentiated tumor.
Similar to that of Sertoli-cell tumor, but with clusters of Leydig cells in the stroma.
158
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Histology of tumor of intermediate differentiation (4).
Cellular nodules in a fibrous or edematous stroma.
Sertoli cells form tubules, clusters, and cords.
Sertoli cells have darker nuclei and less cytoplasm than benign Sertoli cells.
Leydig cells form clusters.
159
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Histology of poorly differentiated tumor (2).
Diffuse pattern of densely packed pleomorphic spindle cells.
Many mitotic figures.
160
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Heterologous elements (3).
Not seen in well-differentiated SLCT.
Most common: Benign mucinous epithelium of gastrointestinal type.
Others: Immature skeletal muscle and/or immature cartilage.
161
Retiform Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Histology (3).
Similar to that of well-differentiated SLCT, with the addition of
− Tubules and cysts of rete testis−type epithelium.
− Other patterns of SLCT elsewhere in the tumor.
162
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Immunohistochemistry.
Positive for inhibin.
163
Sertoli-cell tumor of the ovary: Associated tumor.
Rare association with botryoid embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the cervix.
164
Sex-cord tumor with annular tubules: Syndrome.
One third of tumors are associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
165
Sex-cord tumor with annular tubules: Architecture.
Simple (ring-shaped) and complex (interconnecting rings) tubules surround hyaline matter.
166
Sex-cord tumor with annular tubules: Cytology.
Cells lining the tubules have much pale cytoplasm; the nuclei face the periphery of the ring.
167
Sex-cord tumor with annular tubules: Histologic feature associated with syndrome.
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Tubules may be calcified.
168
Sex-cord tumor with annular tubules: Behavior.
One fourth of cases are malignant; lymphatic spread is typical.
169
Sex-cord tumor with annular tubules: Classification.
Considered a sex cord−stromal tumor that can differentiate toward granulosa-cell tumors or Sertoli-cell tumors.
170
Gynandroblastoma: Histology.
Contains at least 10% of each:
− Granulosa-cell component.
− Sertoli-cell component.
171
Gynandroblastoma: Behavior.
Almost always benign.
172
Stromal luteoma:
A. Classification.
B. Behavior.
A. Steroid-cell tumor.
B. Benign.
173
Stromal luteoma: Architecture.
Nodules of lutein cells confined to the ovarian stroma.
174
Stromal luteoma: Cytology.
Nucleus: Small, round, with prominent nucleolus.
Cytoplasm: Eosinophilic, lipid-poor.
175
Leydig-cell tumor:
A. Synonym.
B. Presentation.
A. Hilus-cell tumor.
B. Classically androgenic but can be estrogenic.
176
Leydig-cell tumor: Histology.
Variable arrangements of Leydig cells.
The cells contain the eosinophilic crystalloids of Reinke.
177
Leydig-cell tumor: Immunohistochemistry.
Positive: Inhibin.
178
Dermoid cyst: Rule of 15.
Bilateral in 15% of cases.
Usually less than 15 cm in diameter.
179
Dermoid cyst: Histology.
All three germ layers are typically represented, i.e. not just skin.
180
Malignant transformation of dermoid cyst:
A. Frequency.
B. Type of malignancy.
C. Typical patient.
A. Less than 3%.
B. Squamous-cell carcinoma.
C. Postmenopausal woman.
181
Mature solid teratoma: Age group.
First and second decades.
182
Mature solid teratoma: Histology.
Same as that of dermoid cyst except that it is solid.
183
Dysgerminoma:
A. Frequency.
B. Associations.
A. Most common malignant germ-cell tumor of the ovary.
B. Ovarian dysgenesis; pregnancy.
184
Dysgerminoma: Possible laboratory findings (2).
Elevated LDH.
Elevated hCG.
185
Dysgerminoma: Histology.
Resembles seminoma.
186
Dysgerminoma: Immunohistochemistry (2).
Positive: PLAP.
Negative: Cytokeratin (usually), EMA.
187
Dysgerminoma: Metastasis.
Occurs late:
− Initially by the lymphatics.
− Later by the blood vessels to liver, lungs, bone.
188
Yolk-sac tumor: Age of peak incidence.
Second and third decades.
189
Yolk-sac tumor, glandular variant: Histology (2).
Intestinal and endometrioid types exist.
Hepatoid cells in the glandular lumens may mimic squamous morules.
190
Yolk-sac tumor: Immunohistochemistry (3).
Positive: AFP, α₁-antitrypsin, creatine kinase.
191
Yolk-sac tumor, hepatoid variant vs. hepatoid carcinoma (2).
Yolk-sac tumor, hepatoid variant:
− Less nuclear atypia.
− Accompanied by other types of YST.
192
Embryonal carcinoma: Age of peak incidence.
First decade.
193
Embryonal carcinoma: Laboratory finding.
Elevated hCG.
194
Embryonal carcinoma: Histology (2).
Similar to that of testicular embryonal carcinoma.
Also contains syncytiotrophoblasts.
195
Embryonal carcinoma: Immunohistochemistry (2,1).
Positive: PLAP (syncytiotrophoblasts), cytokeratin.
Negative: EMA.
196
Polyembryoma:
A. Age group.
B. Possible laboratory findings (2).
A. Children, young adults.
B. Elevated AFP, elevated hCG.
197
Polyembryoma: Histologic components (3).
Embryoid bodies representing various stages of development.
Syncytiotrophoblasts sometimes.
Fibrous or edematous stroma.
198
Polyembryoma: Histology of mature embryoid body (4).
Embryonic disk:
− Columnar ectoderm.
− Cuboidal endoderm.
Amniotic cavity.
Yolk sac.
Extraembryonic mesenchyme.
199
Polyembryoma: Most commonly associated germ-cell tumor.
Teratoma (mature or immature).
200
Polyembryoma:
A. Behavior (2).
B. Treatment.
A. Invades locally and metastasizes distantly.
B. Excision and chemotherapy.
201
Choriocarcinoma: Age group.
Children and young adults.
202
Choriocarcinoma: Presentation (2).
Children: Isosexual precocious puberty.
Adults: Signs of ectopic pregnancy.
203
Choriocarcinoma: Cytology.
Cytotrophoblasts: Distinct cells borders; single vesicular nucleus with large nucleus.
Syncytiotrophoblasts: Indistinct cell borders; many hyperchromatic nuclei.
204
Choriocarcinoma: Locations of cells.
Cytotrophoblasts in the center, syncytiotrophoblasts surround it.
205
Choriocarcinoma: Immunohistochemistry (4).
Positive: Cytokeratin, hCG, hPL, PLAP.
206
Choriocarcinoma vs. other germ-cell tumors.
Other germ-cell tumors: No cytotrophoblasts.
207
Choriocarcinoma: Spread.
Hematogenous, lymphatic, and local spread.
208
Immature teratoma: Age at peak incidence.
Second and third decades.
209
Immature teratoma: Intraoperative finding.
Half of cases show capsular perforation with adhesion to adjacent structures.
210
Immature teratoma: Components.
Ectodermal: Primitive neural tissue, e.g. rosettes.
Mesodermal: Cartilage, muscle, mesenchyme.
Endodermal: Tubules lined by columnar epithelium.
211
Immature teratoma: Grade 0.
All tissues are mature.
No mitotic activity.
212
Immature teratoma: Grade 1.
Minor immature component.
Slight mitotic activity.
213
Immature teratoma: Grade 2.
Moderate immature component.
Moderate mitotic activity.
214
Immature teratoma: Grade 3.
Much immature tissue.
High mitotic activity.
215
Immature teratoma: Grade 4.
The teratoma takes over the woman, converting her to a slimy, creeping mass of immature tissue.
216
Immature teratoma: Spread.
Peritoneal implantation: Most common.
Lymphatic.
Hematogenous: Rare.
217
Immature teratoma:
A. Prognosis.
B. Treatment.
A. Poor for grades 2 and 3.
B. Surgery and chemotherapy.
218
Monodermal teratoma: Examples (2).
Struma ovarii.
Carcinoid tumor.
219
Struma ovarii: Presentation (3).
Usually asymptomatic.
Can cause mass-related symptoms.
Can cause thyrotoxicosis.
220
Struma ovarii:
A. Gross pathology.
B. Histology.
A. Green-brown cut surface; solid and/or cystic.
B. Mature thyroid tissue that can undergo oxyphilic and other benign changes.
221
Carcinoid tumor of the ovary: Presentation.
The carcinoid syndrome happens occasionally.
222
Carcinoid tumor of the ovary: Gross pathology.
Most carcinoids occur with other teratomatous elements:
− Dermoid cyst (most often).
− Mucinous cystic teratoma.
− Mature solid teratoma.
223
Carcinoid tumor of the ovary: Histology.
The insular pattern is the most common.
224
Gonadoblastoma:
A. Typical patient.
B. Presentation.
A. Phenotypic female with 46,XY or 45,X.
B. Virilization sometimes.
225
Gonadoblastoma: Gonad.
May be ambiguous, e.g. abdominal or inguinal testis, streak gonad.
226
Gonadoblastoma: Histology (3).
Nests consisting of seminoma-like germ-cell tumor with admixed Sertoli cells or granulosa cells.
Lutein or Leydig cells in the stroma between the nests.
May be calcified or hyalinized.
227
Hypercalcemic small-cell carcinoma: Age at peak incidence.
Second decade.
228
Hypercalcemic small-cell carcinoma: Cytology (4).
Small cells with fine chromatin and scant cytoplasm.
Large cells with hyperchromatic nucleus and much cytoplasm.
Necrosis and brisk mitotic activity.
May show focal mucinous differentiation.
229
Hypercalcemic small-cell carcinoma: Architecture.
May form small follicle-like structures containing eosinophilic matter.
230
Hypercalcemic small-cell carcinoma: Immunohistochemistry (3).
Negative: Neuroendocrine markers, inhibin, CEA.
231
Metastasis to the ovary: Relative frequency.
Less than 10% of ovarian tumors.
232
Metastasis to the ovary: Most common primary sites (4).
Gynecological tract (#1).
Intestine.
Stomach.
Breast.
233
Krukenberg tumor: Definition.
Any metastatic signet-ring tumor to the ovary (not just gastric).
234
Metastasis to the ovary: Frequency of bilaterality.
About 70%.
235
Metastasis to the ovary: Most common locations within the ovary.
Cortex and hilum.
236
Metastatic signet-ring tumor to the ovary vs. primary ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma with signet rings (2).
Primary tumor:
− Typically unilateral.
− Signet rings are usually a minor component.
237
Acute and chronic salpingitis: Leading causes (3).
Sexually transmitted infections: Chlamydia, Neisseria.
Curettage.
Placement of IUD.
238
Granulomatous salpingitis: Causes (2).
Infectious agents: TB, parasites, Actinomyces.
Systemic diseases: Crohn's, sarcoidosis.
239
Chronic salpingitis: End stage.
Hydrosalpinx.
240
Chlamydial salpingitis: Histologic clue.
Hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles.
241
Tubal endometriosis vs. physiologic extension of endometrial tissue into the tube.
Endometriosis involves serosa and subserosa.
Physiologic extension involves the mucosa only.
242
Endometrial colonization of the fallopian tube.
Physiologic extension with occlusion of the tubal lumen by endometrial tissue.
243
Salpingitis isthmica nodosa:
A. Age group.
B. Significance.
C. Cause.
A. Third and fourth decades.
B. Can lead to ectopic pregnancy.
C. Unknown.
244
Salpingitis isthmica nodosa: Gross pathology (2).
Nodules within the wall of the isthmus of the fallopian tube.
Often bilateral.
245
Salpingitis isthmica nodosa: Histology (2).
Nests or cysts of tubal epithelium, surrounded by muscular layer.
Connections to the tubal lumen can be demonstrated.
246
Tubal ectopic pregnancy: Risk factors (4).
Chronic salpingitis (#1).
Congenital abnormalities of the tube.
Salpingitis isthmica nodosa.
Endometriosis.
247
Tubal ectopic pregnancy: Most common site.
Ampulla.
248
Adenomatoid tumor of the fallopian tube: Patterns of growth (4).
Adenomatoid, glandular: Most common.
Solid.
Cystic.
249
Adenomatoid tumor of the fallopian tube: Immunohistochemistry (5).
Positive: Cytokeratin, vimentin, EMA, calretinin, WT-1.
250
Most common ___ tumor of the fallopian tube.
A. Epithelial.
B. Mesenchymal.
A. Papilloma.
B. Leiomyoma.
251
Epithelial papilloma of the fallopian tube: Histology.
Branching fibrovascular stalk.
Single layer of nonciliated columnar or oncocytic epithelium.
252
Epithelial papilloma of the fallopian tube vs. adenomatous hyperplasia.
In adenomatous hyperplasia the epithelium shows
− Stratification and disordered arrangement of cells.
− Cytologic atypia.
− Occasional mitotic figures.
253
Most common malignancy of the fallopian tube.
Metastatic.
254
Follicular cyst: Age group.
Occur most often in the reproductive years but can appear at any age.
255
Carcinoma of the fallopian tube: Age group.
Postmenopausal women.
257
Carcinoma of the fallopian tube: Significance of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma.
It is a precursor of ovarian serous carcinoma.
258
Carcinoma of the fallopian tube: Invasive types (4).
Serous (#1).
Mucinous, endometrioid, clear-cell.
259
Carcinoma of the fallopian tube: Intraoperative findings (2).
Often bilateral.
Nearly always invasive.
