Female

Question 1

(): female gonads
Produce female gametes ()
Secrete estrogen and ()

Internal (): In pelvic cavity
()
() Tubes
Uterus & Vagina

External genitalia: external sex organs

Answer 1

Ovaries
ova
progesterone
genitalia
Ovaries
Fallopian

Question 2

():
Paired structures flank the uterus
Almond shaped and about twice as large
Held in place by several ligaments

(/): tiny sac-like structures embedded in cortex
-Contain immature egg () encased by one or more layers of different cells
-Each month a ripened follicle ejects () in event called ()

Answer 2

Ovaries
Ovarian follicles
oocyte
ovulation

Question 3

Female Duct System:
Fallopian tube system does not have direct contact with ()
Ovulated () is released into () cavity, where some () never make it to tube system

Tube system includes:
(/)
()
()

Answer 3

ovaries
oocyte
peritoneal
oocytes
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina

Question 4

() tubes (uterine tubes/oviducts)
Receive ovulated () and serve as site of ()
Each tube ~ 4 in long and extends from area of ovary to superior region of uterus

Regions of uterine tube
(): distal end
Contain () which coerce egg into ovary
(): forms half of uterine tube length
Is site where fertilization usually occurs
(): medial third empties into uterus

Answer 4

Fallopian
oocyte
fertilization
Infundibulum
fimbriae
Ampulla
Isthmus

Question 5

() pregnancy
() is fertilized in peritoneal cavity or distal uterine tube and begins developing there
Normally abort naturally with substantial bleeding

Answer 5

Ectopic
Oocyte

Question 6

(/)disease (PID)
Spread of infection from reproductive tract to () cavity
May cause scar tissue and lead to ()
Due to inflammation of fallopian tubes (())
Usually due to Chlamydia or Gonorrhea inf.

Answer 6

Pelvic inflammatory
peritoneal
infertility
Salpingitis

Question 7

()
Hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ
Function is to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum

Regions of ()
(): main portion
(): superior portion
(): opening (neck)
Projects into vagina

Answer 7

Uterus
Body
Fundus
Cervix

Question 8

() cancer affects 450,000 women worldwide each year, killing half
-Most common between ages 30 and 50
-Risks: frequent cervical inflammation; STIs, including HPV; or multiple pregnancies
-(): three-dose vaccine; protects against HPV
-Recommended for 11- and 12-year-old girls

()) (Pap) smear for detection
Recommended every 3 years for ages 21–30
Every 5 years for ages 30–65, but include HPV testing
Discontinue at 65, after hysterectomy, or with sexual inactivity

Answer 8

Cervical
Gardasil
Papanicolaou

Question 9

Layers of the uterus
() wall
(): outermost layer
():
Middle layer consisting of () muscle
Contracts rhythmically during childbirth
()

(): mucosal lining
Fertilized egg burrows into endometrium andresides there during development
Shed during menses

Answer 9

Uterine
Perimetrium
Myometrium,smooth,Oxytocin
Endometrium

Question 10

The Vagina & external genitalia:
Thin-walled tube 3–4 inches in length
Functions as () canal, passageway for () flow, and organ of copulation

()
Mons (): fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Labia (): hair-covered, fatty skin folds
Labia (): skin folds lying within labia majora
Hairless; non-keratinized (mucus membrane)

Answer 10

birth,menstrual
Vulva
pubis
majora
minora

Question 11

External Genitalia:
():
Counterpart of penis,body of clitorishas erectiletissue

() glands (Bartholin’s)
Flank vaginal opening
Homologous to (/)l glands
Release mucus into vestibule for lubrication

() Bulbs
On each side of orifice
Engorge with blood during sexual stimulation
Squeeze around penis

Answer 11

Clitoris
Vestibular
bulbo-urethra
Vestibular

Question 12

() glands:
Present in male & female, only functional in females
Modified sweat glands consisting of 15–25 lobes
Lobes contain ()
Lobules contain () that produce milk

(): pigmented skin surrounding nipple
Milk pathway:
Alveoli → () ducts → () sinuses → nipple
In non-nursing women, () structure is undeveloped
Breast size is due to amount of fat deposits

Answer 12

Mammary
Lobules
alveoli
Areola
lactiferous 2
glandular

Question 13

() cancer:
Invasive breast cancer is most common () and second most common cause of cancer death in U.S. women
13% of women will develop condition
Usually arises from epithelial cells of smallest ducts that eventually ()

Risk factors
Early onset of () and late menopause
No pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
No or short periods of breast feeding
Family history of breast cancer (BRCA1/2)
70% of woman w/ cancer have no risk factors

Answer 13

Breast
malignancy
metastasize
menstruation

Question 14

(): production of female gametes
Begins in fetal period
() (diploid stem cells) becomes→
Primary () undergo meiosis I & become→
Secondary () undergo meiosis II→
()

() follicles: single layer of cellssurrounding primary oocyte
() follicles: multiple layers of cellssurrounding primary oocyte

Answer 14

Oogenesis
Oogonia
oocytes
oocytes
Ova
Primary
Secondary

Question 15

Follicles have two fates:
(): () (programmed cell death) of oocyte and surrounding cells
99.9% of all follicles are never recruited

(): Each month after puberty, a select few primary oocytes are activated
Caused by high hormonal levels, especially ()
One from this group is “selected” each month to become dominant follicle

Answer 15

Atresia
apoptosis
Ovulation
FSH

Question 16

Oogenesis vs Spermatogenesis:
Number of functional gametes differ
Oogenesis produces one viable () ovum withtwo-three haploid () bodies
() produces four viable sperm

Occurrence during lifetime:
() begins in fetal life, ends in menopause
() begins in puberty to old age

Error rates differ
() has an error rate of 3–4%
() has an error rate of 20%

Answer 16

haploid
polar
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis

Question 17

Ovarian cycle: occurs ~ every 28 days
Two consecutive phases, with () occurring midcycle between phases
() phase: period of follicle growth
Days1–14
(): ovum released from follicle
Day 14- () surge
() phase: follicle becomes corpus luteum
Days14–28
Only 10–15% women have regular 28-day cycle
Follicular phase varies, but luteal phase is always 14 days from ovulation to end of cycle

Answer 17

ovulation
Follicular
Ovulation,LH
Luteal

Question 18

()
Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary () into peritoneal cavity
(): twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation by some women

1–2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which, if fertilized, results in fraternal twins
Identical twins result from fertilization of one oocyte, then separation of daughter cells

Answer 18

Ovulation
oocyte
Mittelschmerz

Question 19

Luteal Phase of the Ovarian Cycle:
(/)
Secretes () and some ()

-No Pregnancy
Corpus luteum degenerates into corpus ()
() or () phase: last 2–3 days of luteal phase, when endometrium begins to erode
Progesterone decreases, blood vessels to endometrium vasoconstrict, restricting blood flow

Pregnancy
Corpus luteum produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until () takes over, at about 3months

Answer 19

Corpus luteum
progesterone
estrogen
albicans
Luteolytic,ischemic
placenta

Question 20

Uterine (menstrual) cycle:
Series of changes in () that occur in response to fluctuating hormone levels

Three phases:
Days (/) () phase
Endometrium sheds; hormones low

Days (/):() (preovulatory) phase
Endometrium regrows (thickens); hormones rise
Cervical mucus thins
Days (/):() (postovulatory) phase
Endometrium continues to thicken anticipating pregnancy

Answer 20

endometrium
1–5, Menstrual
6–14, Proliferative
15–28
Secretory

Question 21

Extremely strenuous physical activity can delay menarche in girls and disrupt normal menstrual cycle in adult women
Can cause (), cessation of menstruation
Female athletes have little body fat
Adipose cells help convert adrenal () → estrogens
Can reverse if woman increases body fat

Answer 21

amenorrhea
androgens

Question 22

():
Promote () and follicle growth in ovary
-Exert anabolic effect on female reproductive tract
-Support rapid short-lived growth spurts at puberty
-Helps with () uptake (bone density)
-Induce secondary sex characteristics
-Growth of breasts
-Increased deposit of subcutaneous fat (hips and breasts)
-Widening of pelvis

Answer 22

Estrogens
oogenesis
Calcium

Question 23

Female sexual response
Initiated by touch and psychological stimuli

Many parts engorge with blood
Clitoris, vaginal mucosa, () of vestibule, and breast
nipples become erect

() gland secretions
Lubricate vaginal canal

Orgasm is accompanied by
Muscle (), increase in HR/BP, and () contractions of uterus

Females have no () period after orgasm
Can experience multiple orgasms in single sexualexperience

Answer 23

bulbs
Vestibular
tension
rhythmic
refractory

Question 24

() and Fetal Events
Determination of genetic sex
Of () chromosomes in fertilized egg, two are sex chromosomes (other 44 are {})
-() chromosome (large)
-() chromosome (quite small)

Females are (): each ovum always has an X chromosome
Females can only give an X chromosome

Males are (): so ~50% of sperm contain X chromosome, and ~50% contain Y chromosome
() determine sex of child

Answer 24

Embryological
46
autosomes
X
Y
XX
XY
Males

Question 25

(): abnormal distribution
of () to ()

*() Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
* Chromosomes do not split properly in
anaphase of meiosis
* Results in a () with () copies of
the 21st chromosome

• Also Edward’s, Turner’s, Klinefelter’s, DiGeorge
  syndromes

Answer 25

Nondisjunction
chromosomes
gametes
Down
zygote
three

Question 26

*Menses has ceased for an entire year
*Declining () levels cause:
* Atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts
* Irritability and depression in some
* Hot flashes as skin blood vessels undergo intense
vasodilation
* Gradual thinning of skin and bone loss

*Men do not experience menopause
* Sperm production into their 80s
* Testosterone can decrease after 40-5

Answer 26

menopause
estrogen

Question 27

() REPLACEMENT THERAPY
*(/) preparations have been given
to menopausal women for years
* Women’s Health Initiative research reported
Increased risk of heart disease (51%), invasive breast cancer
(24%), and stroke (31%), and dementia risk doubled

• Smallest doses for shortest time are allowable to reduce
  symptoms if no history of breast cancer and no presence of mutated () gen

Answer 27

Estrogen-progesterone
BRCA
ESTROGEN