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Female Reproductive System > Femal Reproductive System > Flashcards

Femal Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of organ is the breast?

A

Accessory organs

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2
Q

What type of gland is the breast compared with?

A

Breasts are like modified sweat glands that produce milk instead of sweat.

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3
Q

What is the mammary gland divided internally into?

A

Lobes (about 15-20)

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4
Q

What do the lobes of the breast contain?

A

Sacks, individual little bundles called lobules.

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5
Q

What do the lobules of the breast contain? What do they produce?

A

Alveolar. The cells within the alveolar produce breast milk.

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6
Q

Where else in the body can you find alveolar?

A

In the lungs

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7
Q

How is the milk created by the alveolar cells collected?

A

All the breast milk is collected into lactiferous ducts.

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8
Q

Does every lobe have a lactiferous duct?

A

Yes every lobe has a duct that connects it to the external environment.

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9
Q

What is the breast made mainly of?

A

Adipose tissue

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10
Q

What is connect to the lactiferous duct? What is the function of this structure?

A

The lactiferous duct is connected to a lactiferous sinus. It will carry the milk produced by the lobes to the nipple.

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11
Q

What is the function of the nipple?

A

The nipple has the openings for the lactiferous sinuses.

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12
Q

What is the areole?

A

Darkened area surrounding the nipple doesn’t play a part in releasing milk.

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13
Q

On non pregnant women how is breast sized determined?

A

Adipose tissue determines breast size. (Glands in the breast are small don’t affect size in non pregnant women)

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14
Q

Which hormones are involved in increasing the size of the breast and the start of the grandular tissue?

A

During pregnancy the hormones involved in making the mammory gland tissue to become active are PROLACTIN and HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN.

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15
Q

What hormone is involved in breastfeeding?

A

When the infant is feeding on the breast oxytocin is real released.

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16
Q

What releases oxytocin?

A

Pituitary gland

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17
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Triggers the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the lactiferous ducts and sinuses so that it can help eject milk through the nipple.

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18
Q

Draw the location of the uterus in the female.

A

You should have the uterus in between the bladder and the rectum. So bladder then rectum posterior to it (aka behind it) and anterior to the rectum. (Aka the rectum is behind the uterus or you can say the uterus is in front of the rectum)

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19
Q

Where is the ENTIRE reproductive tract located?

A

Inside the pelvis.

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20
Q

In a female what is the urogenital diaphragm and what does it tell us?

A

The urogenital diaphragm is a landmark between what’s considered external genitalia and what’s considered internal.

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21
Q

The ovaries in a women are equivalent to what in a male?

A

Gonads

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22
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

Lateral to the uterus.

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23
Q

Where is the vagina located?

A

Inferior to the uterus.

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24
Q

In a female what is considered external genitalia?

A

Labia majora, labia minora, part of the clitoris

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25
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

Erectile tissue

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26
Q

What occurs in a male with his reproductive organs that does occur in women.? (Think in the context of the abdominal wall)

A

In a male a lot of those reproductive organs pierce through the anterior abdominal wall and hang down into the scrotum but that situation does not occur in the female.

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27
Q

Name the internal genitalia of a woman.

A
  • Uterus
  • Ovaries
  • Vagina
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28
Q

The ovaries in females is equivalent to what in males?

A

The Testis (gonads) in males

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29
Q

Where is the vagina located?

A

The Vagina is inferior to the uterus, and is open to the external environment ( via the vaginal orifice)

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30
Q

What type of tissue is the clitoris composed of?

A

Clitoris (which is colored blue in the models) is erectile tissue.

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31
Q

What is the inferior view aka superficial part of the woman (between the legs) referred to as?

A

Perineum

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32
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A

Stands for mound above the pubic bone. It’s a fat pad that sits on top of the two pubic bones and is typically covered with hair which is where the term pubic hair comes from.

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33
Q

What is the correct term for the external genitalia that we casually call lips (the outermost lips)?

A

Labia majora and we have 2 sets both a right and left.

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34
Q

What is the correct term for the external genitalia that we casually call lips (the innermost lips)?

A

Labia minora and we have 2 sets both a right and left.

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35
Q

Describe the labia majora versus labia minora in terms of hair. Describe what they resemble that is on our face.

A

The labia majara is typically covered with hair, the labia minora is smoother, hairless. They’re also similar in appearance to the lips on the face, they have a pink hue and are highly sensitive, highly innervated.

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36
Q

What is the vulva?

A

The general region that is outside of the body that is seen superficially I.e includes the labia majora and labia minora. We typically call this the vagina DO NOT call it that.

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37
Q

Does the female like the male have a tip on their erectile tissue?

A

Yes

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38
Q

What is the tip on a females erectile tissue called?

A

Glans of the clitoris

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39
Q

What is the clans of the clitoris?

A

The portion of the clitoris that is external (the rest of it is internal inside the body) Aka this is the part sticking out onto the external environment.

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40
Q

What covers the glans of the clitoris?

A

It is covered by foreskin and that foreskin is referred to as the prepuce.

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41
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

The prepuce is what covers the glans of the clitoris.

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42
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

This is the opening between the two labia minora aka the door to the vagina or the vaginal orifice.

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43
Q

What is the opening where urine comes out for a female called?

A

External urethra orifice

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44
Q

Is the external urethra orrifice part of the reproductive system?

A

No it is not!

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45
Q

Which non-reproductive structure is often confused with other structures in this perineum region?

A

The external urethral orifice

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46
Q

Is Genital development in males and females the same? Why?

A

Yes, up until 7 weeks external genitalia looks the same in a male or female fetus. Because they derive from the same rudimentary structures.

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47
Q

The clitoris is homologous to what in a male?

A

the clitoris in a female is homologous to the penis in the male. it’s simply that the penis is longer and the clitoris is smaller.

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48
Q

What is homologous to the labia majora in a female?

A

The labia majora in a female is equivalent to the scrotal skin in a male.

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49
Q

What is the difference between the ovaries and the scrotum?

A

The difference is that the ovaries don’t descend out of the body and into the skin surrounding that area and forming the scrotum whereas they do you in the male.

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50
Q

Is the prepuce a homologous structure?

A

Yes

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51
Q

What is the clitoris formed from?

A

Erectile tissue

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52
Q

Which part of the clitoris is most internal?

A

The crus of the clitoris

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53
Q

The erectile tissue that forms the clitoris is very similar to what ?

A

the corpus cavernosa in males

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54
Q

How is the clitoris different from the corpus cavernosum in males?

A

The difference is that the glans of the clitoris is the only portion that is external whereas in a male a large portion of the corpus cavernosum is external.

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55
Q

The corps spongiosum in males is called what in females?

A

It’s called bulb of the vestibule

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56
Q

There’s corpus spongisosum in the penis and the clitoris is homologous to the penis so is the spongiosum in females found in the clitoris?

A

No. Corpus spongisum is also an erectile tissue, however it’s not part of the clitoris.

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57
Q

During sexual intercourse what two things become engorged with blood and become highly sensitive?

A

The bulb of the vestibule and the corpus cavernosum.

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58
Q

What two structures are erectile tissue in the female?

A

The bulb of the vestibule and the corpus cavernosum.

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59
Q

What causes the clitoris to become erect?

A

The corpus cavernosum

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60
Q

Where is the bulb of the vestibule located?

A

under the labia majora

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61
Q

What is the greater vestibular gland? When is it most active?

A

Accessory glands that lubricate the outside of the vagina this of course would become most active during sexual arousal.

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62
Q

What is the greater vestibule gland equivalent to in males?

A

equivalent to the bulbourethral glands in males.

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63
Q

What happens to the glans of the clitoris during sexual arrousal?

A

Most of the time the glans is not visible however during sexual arrousal it becomes erect and the clans will pop out or stick out of the prepuce.

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64
Q

What is the most sensitive and most innervated part of the external genitalia? When is it exposed?

A

The glans of the clitoris is the most sensitive most highly innervated part of the external genitalia and once aroused it is exposed during sexual intercourse.

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65
Q

Name the two muscles of the middle perineum layer

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle and the ischiocavernosus muscle

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66
Q

What does the ischiocavernosus do?

A

Maintains clitoral erection just as it would maintain penile erection.

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67
Q

What does the bulbospongiosum muscle do in females?

A

The bulbospongiosus constricts the vaginal orifice and assists with orgasm.

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68
Q

What does the internal prudential artery and vein do?

A

the internal pudendal artery and vein provides the blood supply and drainage for all the external genitalia .

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69
Q

What does the prudendal nerve do?

A

prudendal nerve which provides innervation or sensation to this deeper layer of the perineum

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70
Q

What muscle is worked dural kegal exercises?

A

Bulbospongiosus muscles

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71
Q

Both male and female reproductive systems have two same functions what is a third that they don’t share?

A

Nourish, support, & give birth to a human fetus.

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72
Q

What functions of the reproductive system do males and females both do?

A

1-Produce reproductive cells (gametes)

2-Produce sex hormones that influence structure and function of all other systems

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73
Q

What at the 4 basic functional groups (parts) of the female reproductive system?

A

1-Gonads
2-Reproductive tract
3-accessory glands
4-external genitalia

Think GEAR

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74
Q

What are female gonads?

A

Gonads: Ovaries produce the ova (which produce estrogen, progesterone and testosterone)

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75
Q

What does the female reproductive tract do?

A

Reproductive tract: transports and nourishes the ova during ovulation

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76
Q

What is part of the reproductive tract?

A

uterine tube aka the fallopian tubes
the uterus
the vagina.

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77
Q

What are the parts of the accessory glands?

A

Accessory Glands: Includes the mammary gland (in the breast) and the greater vestibular glands

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78
Q

What is part of the external genitalia ?

A

labia minora
Labia majora
clitoris

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79
Q

In females what does estrogen and progesterone do?

A

They are important for regulating the events and the timing associated with the ovarian cycle

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80
Q

In females how what does testosterone do?

A

Testosterone is present in females because it’s important for basic functions like growth of muscle mass and strength, increase bone density and linear growth or bone growth. Testosterone is also important in both males and females for our sexual libido

81
Q

What is the purpose of the breasts?

A

To produce breast milk this will nourish a human infant

82
Q

Where is the breast tissue? On top of what muscle?

A

The breast tissue is underneath the skin and just anterior to the pectoralis major muscle

83
Q

What are the four basic functions of the uterus? What are they associated with?

A

Each is associated with pregnancy aka for the developing embryo and fetus.

1- Protection

2- Provides nutrients

` 3- Removes waste

4- Labor (expelling mature fetus): contractions of the muscular wall of the 		uterus
84
Q

Is menstruation a function of the uterus?

A

menstruation is actually a byproduct of the uterus preparing for pregnancy.

85
Q

Where is the uterus located? Describe it.

A

it lies inside of the pelvic cavity. It’s small pear-shaped organ about three inches long with the maximum diameter about two inches.

86
Q

What is anti flex and how what role does it play in the uterus?

A

In most females the uterus has an anterior bend to it, in other words the fundus or the rounded dome shaped part is pointing anteriorly while the rest of the uterus is posterior. This position of the uterus is referred to as anti flexed or anti flexion which is a normal condition.

87
Q

What happens if the uterus is retro flexed?

A

the uterus can actually be retro flexed which means that the fundus is more posterior aka closer to the rectum and interestingly retro flexion of the uterus doesn’t actually have any clinical significance so it doesn’t have a significant impact on the function of the uterus.

88
Q

What’s the correct term for Fallopian tube?

A

Uterine tube

89
Q

How are the majority of the reproductive organs supplied with blood?

A

By branches of the internal iliac artery ex. uterine artery is a branch off of the internal iliac artery

90
Q

How are the ovaries supplied with blood?

A

A separate artery goes just to the ovaries on both sides, both the right and the left side, this is the ovarian artery (gonadal artery) and it comes high off of the aorta in the abdomen. It’s travels down separately to the ovaries.

91
Q

Is the external Iliac involved with supplying blood to the reproductive system?

A

The external iliac is not involved with anything going on in the pelvis

92
Q

Describe the location of the uterine tubes.

A

The uterine tubes jet out from the fondus on both sides and wrap around near the ovary on each side.

93
Q

What is the largest region of the uterus called?

A

The body of the uterus or the largest region is in the center and it thins out to a smaller area.

94
Q

What are the internal structures of the reproductive tract covered in?

A

The broad ligament tissues.

95
Q

What is the female reproductive system made of?

A

made up of smooth muscle, they also have cavities in them that help transport ova during ovulation

96
Q

Describe the 5 regions of the uterine tube.

A 
The fimbriae (part of the infudibulum)
The Infundibulum 
Ampulla
Isthmus
Uterine part
97
Q

Describe the fimbriae and its role in ovulation.

A

The Fimbriae: little finger-like projections that are closest to the ovary. They do not touch the ovary.

98
Q

What arteries supply the vagina?

A

There is a set of vaginal arteries that supply the vagina and they branch off of the uterine artery.

99
Q

The uterus thins out to a smaller area called the?

A

cervix

100
Q

What is inferior to the cervix?

A

the vagina

101
Q

Is the ovary connected to the reproductive tract?

A

no

102
Q

since the ovary is not connected to the reproductive tract how does the ova get to the reproductive tract?

A

When the ovary releases an ovum (egg) during ovulation since its not directly connected to the reproductive tract the fimbriae actually has to move in and scoop the egg up.

103
Q

What is homologous to the the testis in males?

A

The ovaries are homologous to the testis

104
Q

How is the male reproductive tract different in the sense of distance aka the ovaries are not connected to the reproductive tract. Is that the same situation in males?

A

No. The testis is connected to the reproductive tract in males.

105
Q

What is the widest part of the uterine tube?

A

the infundibulum

106
Q

What comes after the infundibulum?

A

Ampulla

107
Q

After the ampulla is?

A

isthmus which is a little bit thinner and it’s closer to the uterus.

108
Q

Where the uterine tube meets up with the uterus is called?

A

The uterine part.

109
Q

What does the uterine tube meet up with? Where?

A

Each Uterine tube meets up with the uterine cavity in a space inside the uterus itself.

110
Q

The distal third of the uterus is referred to as?

A

the cervix it’s the part where the uterus thins out and forms a little projection.

111
Q

Does the cervix project in the vagina?

A

Yes

112
Q

What is the os external os?

A

The cervix portion that projects into the vagina (about half an inch) forms a rounded piece, in the center of which is an opening referred to as the external os. This opening is the entrance to the uterus.

113
Q

What is the role that the external os plays for sperm?

A

The external os is actually the entrance into the uterus so for sperm this is the only way that the sperm can get into the uterine cavity.

114
Q

What is inside the cervix?

A

a small canal referred to as the cervical canal which is more rougher looking then the smooth wall of the uterine cavity which is right on top of it

115
Q

What is right after the cervix?

A

internal os an opening between the uterine cavity and cervical canal

116
Q

The cervical canal is lined with?

A

endothelia lining

117
Q

What do cells in the endothelia lining of the cervical canal produce?

A

Produce a thick mucus

118
Q

What does the mucus of the cervical canal do?

A

The mucus is important for reducing bacterial infection and is important for fertility. This mucus fills the cervical canal and blocks the external os which prevents passage of bacteria from the vagina up into the cervical canal.

119
Q

What happens to the mucus of the cervix during ovulation?

A

When a female is ovulating the mucus actually changes consistency it becomes watery and that’s important because if it were to remain viscous and thick the sperm would actually have a difficult time entering the uterus.

120
Q

What is the vagina?

A

muscular tube that extends from the cervix all the way down to the vulva. Its length and width vary cause its stretches during sex

121
Q

The walls of the vagina are formed by?

A

thin layers of smooth muscle tissue

122
Q

What moistens the smooth muscle tissues that form the vagina?

A

Moistened by secretions of the cervical glands and lubricated by the movement of water across the epithelium of the vagina. (cervical glands are the same structures that created the cervical mucus)

123
Q

What created the cervical mucus?

A

cervical glands

124
Q

What does the vagina look like when relaxed?

A

They form rugae just like in the stomach aka ridges.

125
Q

What is the ovary homologous to?

A

testis

126
Q

The uterine tube is homologous to?

A

The vast deference. The uterine tube is what transports the the ovum just like the vast deference is the tube which sperm is transported.

127
Q

What are the vagina’s four basic functions?

A

1- passageway for menstrual fluid expulsion
2- receives the penis during sexual intercourse
3-holds the sperm that is ejaculated during sexual intercourse so that it can pass up into the uterus to fertilize the ovum
4-labor ( expelling the mature fetus during labor) it is the birth canal through which the fetus passes from the uterus out into the external environment

128
Q

Name an important functional aspect of the vagina’s environment.

A

The acidic environment. This environment exists because there good bacteria within the vagina that have high metabolic rates and that metabolic activity creates this acidic environment which actually restricts the growth of bad bacteria.

129
Q

Name an important consequence of the vagina’s acidic environment.

A

It inhibit sperm motility. So if sperm didn’t have the buffers found in seminal fluid ( that produced by the male) the acid in the vagina would kill or limit the mobility of the sperm.

130
Q

What do the four ligaments of the reproductive tract do?

A

They help position the uterus and limit its range of movement.

131
Q

Name the four ligaments of the reproductive tract.

A

1-Uterosacral ligament
2- Broad ligament
3-Ovarian ligament sides
4- Round ligament

132
Q

What does the uterosacral ligament do?

A

Uterosacral ligament: it attaches from the uterus to the sacrum

133
Q

What does the broad ligament do?

A

long, thin sheet that covers the reproductive tract & the uterus

134
Q

What does the ovarian ligament do?

A

tethers the ovary down and connects it to the fundus of the uterus on both sides

135
Q

What does the round ligament do?

A

Comes from the fondus and attaches it to the anterior wall of the abdomen.

136
Q 
How do the ligaments of the reproductive system prevent movement?
Uterosacral ligament 
Broad ligament
Ovarian Ligament
Round Ligament
A
  • Uterosacral ligament: prevents anterior movement of the uterus
  • Broad ligament: prevents the uterus from moving side to side
  • Ovarian ligament: prevents movement in any direction.
  • Round ligament: prevent the uterus from moving posteriorly
137
Q

What is the fornix?

A

The fornix is this upper widen part of the vagina that surrounds the portion of the cervix that’s projecting into the vagina. (fornix is latin for arch)

138
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The process by which female gametes, or ova are created.

139
Q

Where does oogenesis occur? When does it start?

A

This is occurring inside the ovaries it actually begins before birth and then stops or remains dormant up until puberty. Around puberty the process begins again on a monthly basis and ends at menopause.

140
Q

What does oogenesis involve?

A

oogenesis involves a series of mitotic and meiotic divisions.

141
Q

How is the female meiotic event different from a males? What is created because of this?

A

Unlike the male, the female meiotic events involves unequal cytoplasmic division. Which means that the undifferentiated sex cells go through the same process as they do in the male, however 1 of the oocytes will have all or practically all of the cytoplasm. What this does is creates an incredibly large oocyte and then a series of very small sex cells that are referred to as polar bodies.

142
Q

What do polar bodies have?

A

They have half the number of chromosomes therefore in females for each undifferentiated sex cell only one haploid mature gamate is created the other three are unfertilizible polar bodies.

143
Q

Not on the test this slide is to help you understand meiosis in case you didn’t understand it and it an confuse you with the polar body flashcards

A

Ova are haploids aka they only have a copy of each chromosome .
To create haploids a cell needs to go through meiosis
Meiosis is replicating the genome and dividing twice. This creates 2 haploid gametes from a single diploid cell. This does not happen in women. In women the diploid that has the potential to become ova enters meiosis 1 to replicate their genome when the woman is a fetus and in the fetus they become primary oocytes. Nothing happens until puberty when the primary oocyte completes meiotic division and divides the chromosome evenly. However it doesn’t divide the cytoplasm evenly it remains more in one than the other. Now the oocyte with the most cytoplasm becomes the secondary oocyte and the one that got half the chromosome but little of the cytoplasm becomes the polar body. The polar body dies but allows the secondary oocyte to reduce its genome and conserve its cytoplasm. The secondary oocyte still has two copies of each chromosome in it so it needs to go through the second meiotic division. This division is the same as the first one half the chromosome going to a small polar body. This allows the ovum to get half of the chromosomes and almost all of the cytoplasm. This allows the ovum to achieve its haploid state while conserving its cytoplasm.

144
Q

What’s an oocyte called before its matured?

A

Immature female gametes are called oocytes once it matures it’s called an ovum.

145
Q

Where goes gamete development occur?

A

Gamete development occurs in these specialized structures called ovarian follicles.

146
Q

What are primary oocytes?

A

Thats an oocyte before puberty

147
Q

What are primary oocytes surrounded by?

A

layer of simple squamous follicular cells

148
Q

What is a primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of follicular cells referred to as?

A

together the primary oocyte plus it’s follicular cells is referred to as a primordial follicle.

149
Q

What hormone level rises and triggers the ovarian cycle when a female becomes sexually mature or when she hits puberty?

A

follicular stimulating hormone or FSH level rise

150
Q

What does the rise of FSH cause?

A

FSH triggers the start of the ovarian cycle each month

151
Q

What does FSH do to the primordial follicles?

A

Primordial follicles are stimulated by FSH to undergo further development. What happens is the follicular cells surrounding the oocyte will begin to enlarge and undergo repeated cell divisions around the primary oocyte.

152
Q

When several layers of the follicular cells are created the primordial follicles become?

A

primary follicles so from primordial follicles to primary follicles after FSH stimulates the primordial follicles causing several layers to form

153
Q

What is inside of the primary follicle? What do they do?

A

particular cells within the primary follicle that are gonna start releasing estrogen.

154
Q

What hormone is important in the follicular phase?

A

Estrogen is an important component of this phase of ovulation aka just before the oocyte erupts from the ovary

155
Q

After a premedical follicle becomes a primary follicle what does it become?

A

Because of follicular stimulating hormone continuing to drive enlargement of the follicles the primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle.

156
Q

What happens to the follicle walls when a primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle?

A

The wall of the follicle thickens and deeper follicular cells will begin to secrete this fluid called follicular fluid it fills in and creates spaces that separate cells.

157
Q

What is follicular fluid?

A

follicle cells secrete this as their walls get thicker. It fills in and creates spaces that separate cells.

158
Q

Do all primordial follicles become primary follicles and then secondary follicles?

A

A lot of primordial follicles will become primary follicles but even fewer primary follicles will become secondary follicles and so on and so forth until we reach the tertiary follicle stage usually the ovary will only contain a single secondary follicle that will be destined to become a tertiary follicle and continue further development.

159
Q

After becoming a secondary follicle what does the follicle become?

A

Tertiary follicle

160
Q

What happens in the tertiary follicle stage?

A

it creates a stretching of the portion of the ovary that overlies it and it creates a prominent bulge at the surface.

161
Q

What phase happens after the follicular phase?

A

Luteal phase

162
Q

Is this follicular phase part of ovulation?

A

NO. Ovulation is when the oocyte erupts through the wall of the ovary and the oocyte is released out to be picked up by the fimbriae of the uterine tube.

163
Q

What is causing the oocyte to rupture at the ovarian walls?

A

spike in a hormone called luteinizing hormone or LH

164
Q

What part part of the follicular phase divides the follicular phase and the luteal phase?

A

when the oocyte breaks free of the ovarian wall. That is actually the only part of ovulation everything else is the follicular phase.

165
Q

How many days in the cycle does the oocyte break free of the ovarian wall?

A

varies but the oocyte breaks free around the 14th day

166
Q

What happens to the follicle once the oocyte breaks free?

A

after the oocyte breaks free the empty follicle becomes the corpus luteum

167
Q

What hormone is involved in creating the corpus luteum?

A

Luteinizing hormon, LH, which is involved in having the oocyte breaking free is also involved in the formation of the corpus luteum.

168
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum produce?

A

progesterone

169
Q

What hormone drives the luteal phase or what you can call is the second part of the ovarian cycle?

A

progesterone

170
Q

What hormone drives the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

estrogen

171
Q

If pregnancy does not occur what is formed?

A

fibroblasts invade the corpus luteum and create what’s called the corpus albicans.

172
Q

If pregnancy does not occur what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

corpus luteum will begin to degenerate

173
Q

What happens if the female does get pregnant, i.e what happens to the corpus luteum and the corpus albicans

A

if pregnancy occurs the corpus luteum will stick around and it continues to create that progesterone. the corpus albican will not exist

174
Q

When is the end of the luteal phase?

A

its marked by the degeneration of the corpus luteum.

175
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Fertilization of the oocyte typically occurs at the ampule of the uterine tube.

176
Q

When does an oocyte matures and become an ovum?

A

not until fertilization occurs does the oocyte develop into an ovum

177
Q

Do both ovaries release eggs every month?

A

no, in a female individual with normal ovulation only one ovary would be performing this once a month and so either the right one or the left one usually not both at the same time.

178
Q

During what time frame after ovulation does fertilization have to occur for pregnancy to occur?

A

for fertilization to occur the oocyte has to encounter spermatozoa in the ampulla which is about 12 to 24 hours after ovulation

179
Q

Name the three phases of the uterine cycle

A

1-Menses: aka menstruation or period.
2-Proliferative phase
3- Secretory phase

180
Q

What regulates the three uterine cycles?

A

Regulated by hormones that are also regulating the ovarian cycle in other words the phases of the ovarian cycle such as the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase are going to correlate with changes in the endometrium of the uterus.

181
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

inner endothelia lining of the uterine cavity.

182
Q

What is responsible for menstrual cramps? What do cramps do?

A

Myometrium, cramps help push out the menstrual blood, and labor contractions

183
Q

what phase is the first phase of menstruation?

A

Menstruation starts with Menses

184
Q

What is Menses? What occurs during this phase?

A

Menses is the destruction of the endometrium. Arteries in the region will begin to constrict which reduces blood flow and causes the cells in the endometrium to begin to die. Eventually the weakened arterial walls begin to rupture and blood pours into the uterine cavity and out through the cervical canal and external os into the vagina

185
Q

What is the phase after menses?

A

After menses comes the proliferative phase

186
Q

What happens in the proliferative phase?

A

This is where epithelia cells multiply and spread across the endometrial surface and restore the uterine epithelium lining.

187
Q

What occurs to the endometrial lining during the proliferative phase?

A

Over the course of this phase the endometrial lining will slowly build up to the point that by the time of ovulation it will be several millimeters thick. It also becomes highly vascularized so it’s building up that blood supply that will eventually have to be shed again during menses.

188
Q

What phase follows the proliferate phase or you can say what phase occurs after ovulation?

A

After ovulation secretory phase will begin.

189
Q

What happens during the secretory phase? What is the purpose/

A

In this phase arteries within the endometrium will elongate & create this spiral patterns. The function of this phase is to further prep the endometrium for a fertilized egg to implant. Uterine glands are also present to secrete fluids

190
Q

What happens at the end of the secretory phase?

A

so at the end of this phase which is the beginning of menses if a fertilized egg has not implanted by that point the secretory phase will end and the endometrial lining will begin to break down resulting in menses.

191
Q

In the beginning of menses how are the levels of estrogen and progesterone?

A

both very low

192
Q

As the follicular phase progresses what happens to estrogen and progesterone? When do they peak?

A

Estrogen slowly rises until it peaks at ovulation aka when the oocyte breaks free from the follicle aka follicle phase ends. Progesterone remains low during this time (because the corpus luteum isn’t present aka thats when we have high levels of progesterone and thats not during the follicular phase thats during the luteal phase).

193
Q

After ovulation (when the oocyte breaks free) what happens to estrogen and progesterone? What phase is this?

A

Estrogen levels decrease and progesterone levels increase. This is the luteal phase

194
Q

What causes the endometrial lining to increase during the proliferative phase?

A

The increase in estrogen level increase endometrial lining

195
Q

In the secretary phase we are maintaining the endometrial lining what hormone is involved in this?

A

Progesterone maintain the endometrial lining and its highest level is during this secretory phase.

196
Q

What happens at the end of the luteal phase with the hormones?

A

estrogen and progesterone fall dramatically

197
Q

What happens when estrogen and progesterone fall dramatically at the end of the luteal phase?

A

starts menses and the endometrial lining sheds since no hormone is there to maintain it or increase it

198
Q

What 2 gonadotropic hormones cause ovulation? When are they low when are they high?

A

FSH and LH they are low during every other portion of the ovarian cycle and high during ovulation

Female Reproductive System (1 decks)

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