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ASCI 35 > Feedstuffs ID > Flashcards

Feedstuffs ID Flashcards

1
Q

Any ration component that provides same useful function (provide a nutrient OR modify diet characteristics)

A

Feedstuffs

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2
Q

IFN

A

International Feed Numbers

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3
Q

IFN 1

A

Dry Roughages (Hay, Straw, Hulls)

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4
Q

IFN 2

A

Fresh Roughages (grazes plants, fresh green chop, food crop residues)

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5
Q

IFN 3

A

Ensiled Roughages (Corn silage, other various ensiled materials)

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6
Q

IFN 4

A

High Energy Concentrates (Cereal grains, beet or citrus pulp, fats, sugary products)

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7
Q

IFN 5

A

Protein Sources (animal or plant, legume seeds, NPN, distillers by-products)

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8
Q

IFN 6

A

Minerals

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9
Q

IFN 7

A

Vitamins

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10
Q

IFN 8

A

Non-Nutritive Additives (flavoring, medication, color)

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11
Q

feedstuffs high in structural fiber (cellulose)

A

Roughage

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12
Q

result of storing wet feedstuffs in anaerobic conditions resulting in fermentation

A

Silage

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13
Q

herbage that is cut and chopped in the field then fed fresh to livestock

A

Green Chop

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14
Q

dehydration green forage

A

hay

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15
Q

typically an energy can refer to “protein concentrate”

A

concentrate

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16
Q
  • low in energy because of high cell wall count
  • high Ca and trace mineral content and fat soulable vitamins
  • palatable to ruminants
  • nutritive value extremely variable
  • limited inclusion in beef finishing diets and swine rations because it’s low energy
  • present in dairy rations to maintain health rumen and milk fat content
A

Roughages

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17
Q

greater than or equal to 18% Crude Feed on a Dry Matter basis

A

all forages and roughages

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18
Q

Two Types of Roughages

A

Proteinaceous Roughages
Carbonaceous Roughages

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19
Q

Proteinaceous Roughages

A

greater than 10% crude protein (legmus hay; alfalfa)

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20
Q

Carbonaceous Roughages

A

less than 10% crude protein (non legmus and low quality grasses)

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21
Q

IFN 1 Dry Forages/Roughages

A
  • cut, cured, and “hayed”
  • we do this to preserve for winter months
  • legume hay, grass hays, straws
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22
Q

IFN 2 Pastures and Rangelands

A
  • all forage not cut or fed fresh
  • major feed for beef, sheep, goats, horses
  • can be most profitable because we’re not growing/harvesting
  • hard to determine consumption levels
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23
Q

Pasture Managment

A
  • Durable for weather and foot traffic
  • long growth season
  • plant variety (greater yields, better nutrition)
  • moving/fertilizing
  • proper stocking rate
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24
Q

Stocking Rate

A

how many animals per pasture to feed on the fresh roughages

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25
Q

Pastureland Concerns

A
  • Poisonous Plants
  • Bloat (lush plant material)
  • Nitrate Poisoning (accumulation after drought)
  • Grass Tetany (not enough magnesium)
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26
Q

cut and cropped and fed fresh to livestock

A

Greenchop

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27
Q

IFN 3 Silages and Haylages

A
  • ensiled forages not grains, tubers, roots
  • maximizes use of feed sourced/acre
  • silage (product of anaerobic fermentation, without oxygen)
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28
Q

Silage

A

goes under an anarobic condition which produces the silage to store. Plant material goes under a controlled fermentation producing acids that kill off bacteria, mold, etc.

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29
Q

IFN 4 Energy Feeds

A
  • added for calories
  • readily available carbohydrates (sugar/starches) or energy from fats/oils
  • Major components in most diets cause of low cost
  • low in calcium, good source of phosphorus
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30
Q

Characteristics of Energy Feeds

A
  • more than 70% total day nutrients
  • less than 20% crude protein
  • less than 18% crude fiber
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31
Q
  • most common and widely used feedstuff
  • approximately 9% CP, 4% fat
  • low in lysine
A

Cereal Grains - Corn

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32
Q
  • can be grown in drier areas than corn
  • approximatley 11% CP
  • lysine, theronine and methionine limit amino acids
  • must be processed for max digestibility
A

Cereal Grains - Grain Sorghum

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33
Q

used in brewing industry
- 13% CP
- limited in pig and poultry bc of fiber content
- palatable for horses and ruminants

A

Cereal Grains - Barley

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34
Q
  • 13% CP
  • high fiber/hull percentage
  • limit in poultry and finishing rations becayse of high fiber
  • used in pigs to provide stomach ulceration protection, limits back fat in hog finisher
  • excellent for horses because of bulk/fiber
A

Cereal Grains - Oats

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35
Q
  • grown for humans
  • expensive
  • 12-14% CP
  • better feed value than corn
A

Cereal Grains - Wheat

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36
Q
  • limited to 25-40% cattle ration
  • least palatable
  • 13% CP
A

Cereal Grains - Rye

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37
Q
  • human market
  • rough rice occasionaly avaible
    8% CP, 9% Fiber, 1.5% Fat
A

Cereal Grains - Rice

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38
Q

Cereal Grains - Millet

A
  • bird feed
39
Q
  • in mash diets for avian or swine bc of small particle design
  • farrowing diet (bulk and laxative)
  • show horse and cattle for bulk
A

Wheat Middlings

40
Q
  • cleaned oats w/o hulls
  • expensive so only used in specialty diets for piglets
A

Oat Groats

41
Q
  • seed coat and germ of rice (from rice production)
  • for premixes
  • high energy (from fat)
A

Rice Bran

42
Q

Molasses

A
  • byproduct of sugar production/processing
  • common in liquid form
  • Benefits (binder, reduces dust, incorporate urea, highly palatable, good energy source)
43
Q

liquid protein of milk

A

Whey

44
Q

Dehydrated Milk

A

protein supplement, super expensive only in specialty rations

45
Q

animal, poultry, veggie fat, resturant waste
- oxidation/rancicidty problem, used in milk replacements, swine crep, and broiler rations
- only offers energy
- 2.25x energy than starches/sugars
- negative affect of rumen microbial population

A

Liquid Fat

46
Q

Beet Pulp

A
  • residue after sugar extracted from sugar beets
  • highly palatable and digestable
47
Q
  • from citrus production in southeast
  • shredded or ground, pressed to remove juices and then dried very palatble and digestible, high energy value
A

Citrus Pulp/Meal

48
Q

removed from store shelves after “use by” date
- can also be production waste
- nutrient content varies
- similar to corn but higher in fat and salt
- CONCERN FOR POULTRY BC OF WATER CONSUMPTION

A

Dried Bakery By-Product

49
Q

IFN 5 Protein Concentrates

A
  • contain more than 20% CP
  • expensive to add
  • deficiency limits growth/production
  • excess protein is a waste of money and hurts environment cause of nitrogren release
  • protein requierments vary (ruminats and monogastrics must have all essestial amino acids provided so quality is important)
  • dairy cows need high quality protein source cause the rumen microbes can’t do all that work
50
Q

Feed Sources of Protein (Animals)

A
  • tissues
  • fish
  • milk and some milk byproducts
51
Q

Feed Sources of Plant/Veggies

A
  • soybean meal (SBM)
  • brewers dried grains (DDG)
  • cotton seed meal
  • sunflower meal
  • canola oil
52
Q
  • seed grown for oil content for humans
  • low in lysine (critical AA)
  • meal is whatever remains after oil is extracted
  • nutrient values vary with processing
A

Oilseed Meals

53
Q

most widely used
- standard protein source for poultry and swine
- contain trypsin inhibitors which reduces protein digestion
- 44-48% CP

A

Soybean Meal

54
Q
  • grown where its too hot for SBM
  • 45% CP
  • popular in dairy cause of energy and fiber content
  • contains gossypol (toxic to young ruminants and monogastrics)
  • limit to less than 25% of protein
A

Cottonseed Meal

55
Q

DDG

A

-byproduct of ethanol, beers, and distilled liqours
- contain 26-29% CP

56
Q

Meat/Bone Meal

A
  • 50% CP
  • carcass trimmings, condemmed carcasses, livers, inedible ofal (lungs), and bone
  • concerns about transfer of dieases, no longer fed ruminant to ruminant incase of mad cow
57
Q

Blood Meal

A
  • blood collected from slaughterhouse
  • dried and ground
  • 85-90% CP
  • good AA profile except isoleucine, high in iron
  • unpaltable and quality varies
58
Q

Dried Skim Milk

A
  • milk replacers or starters
59
Q
  • caught or waste from processing for humans
  • defatted for use in swine because it become rancid
  • fur production species
A

Fish Meal

60
Q

Non-Protein Nitrogen

A
  • contain nitrogen but not amino acids
  • ONLY FOR FUNCTIONING RUMEN, hydrolizes urea to ammonia where it can be used by microbes for protein
  • can be toxic when fed at high levels
61
Q

IFN 6 - Mineral Supplements

A
  • inorganic compounds
  • small portion but critical to animal health
  • need varies due to species (cattle need copper but deadly to sheep) and stage of production
  • most commonly added is salt, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
62
Q

Salt

A
  • most common because it isn’t found in nature
  • palatable
  • in mxed feeds or compressed blocks to regulate intake
63
Q

Dicalcium Phosphate

A
  • 2 calcium and 1 phosphorus, perfect intake
64
Q

IFN 7 - Vitamins

A
  • concentration impacted by harvesting
  • good sources of germ meals, brans, well cured hays, yeat, meat meals
  • synthetically produced, and cheap
  • always give too much just in case one is insufficient in herd
  • water coluble sensitive to heat, light, moisture and trace elements
65
Q

IFN 8 Additives

A
  • antibiotics, probiotixs, dewormers, buffers, antioxidants, binding agents, coloring, flavors, hormons, medicines
  • used to improve health, feed handling, and paltability
  • NOT used to improve performance, feed efficiency, and VET perscribbed
  • additives regulated to ensure safety for human market, animal safety, additive efficacy, minimal environmental impact
66
Q

decrease pH caused by volatile fatty acid without causing any major increase in ruminal pH (baking soda for dairy)

A

buffers

67
Q

prevent rancidity of unsaturated fats

A

antioxidants

68
Q

ascorbic acid, citric acid

A

chemical perservatives

69
Q

bentonite, hemicellulose extract, clay (holds pellts together)

A

Pellet Binders

70
Q

good bacteria for digestion

A

probiotics

71
Q

supress estrus/improve feed efficiency

A

Melengestrol Acetate

72
Q

Totoal Mixed Ration

A
  • common on dairied
  • all ingredients mixed together
  • allow for easy use of silage
    positives are no sorting and added moisture, negatives are u need mixing skills
73
Q

Mixed Grains

A
  • ruminats or horses
  • includes processed grains
  • with or without molasses
    + minimal cost of processing
  • sheep and goarts can sort thru for things they they
74
Q

Scratch

A
  • backyard poultry
  • includes whole wheat, cracked corn, and milo
  • allows for natural pecking behavior
    -less digestible than processed ingredients
75
Q

Mash/Ground

A
  • cows don’t really like
  • eliminates sorting
  • maximized digestion
  • easily uses “meals”
76
Q

Pellets

A
  • used in grain mixes or as complete feeds
  • complete nutriiton
  • can hide less desirable feeds
  • expensive 2-step proces
77
Q

Crumbles

A
  • younger poultry
  • pellets are chopped into smaller peices
  • most epensive 3-step process
78
Q

Feedstuffs Processing

A

feed cost is the #1 input cost of production

79
Q

Percentages of Feedstuffs Processing

A

65% dairy
55% beef and sheep
80% poultry

80
Q

High producing livestock are on full feed and what this means is

A

the need processed feed even more

81
Q

Palatable diets =

A

more intake = max production

82
Q

Blended ration decreases sorting =

A

balanced ration

83
Q

Efficent use of nutrients?

A

maximies digestibility flow of feed

84
Q

What is feed processing?

A

Altering the form and or reduce the particle size for max digestibility, reduce spoilage, isolate plant parts, improve palatability, inactivate toxins and anti-nutrional factors, improve handling

85
Q

Gran - Cold Processing

A

Grinding (2 ways)
Steam Rolling/Flaking
Pelleting

86
Q

Grinding Grain

A

1.) Roller Mill - crushing between crimped rollers, results in fast cheap grind of similar grains
2.) Hammer Mill - broken into pieces with swinging hammers.

87
Q

Steam Rolling/Flaking Grain

A
  • add hot moisture then roll betwen heavy drums to flatten, increases stem exposure, flattens grain flake, and gelatanized starch, perferred from for ruminants
88
Q

Pelleting Grain

A
  • ground feed pushed through holes to make round pellets
  • can be cracked after pellet is formed to shorten length
  • some gelatinization, increases density over ground or flaked grains, can incorporate multiple grains, increases palatability of fines or undesirable ingredients
89
Q

Spray Coating Processed Grains

A
  • fat/molasses added by spraying or mixing into processed feeds
  • could also be yeats, minerals/vitamins
  • increases palatability
  • reduces dust
90
Q

Forage Processing

A

Baling, Chopping, Pelleting, Cubing

91
Q

Forage Baling

A
  • tightly tied forages (increased density 4 scooped handling)
92
Q

Forage Chopping

A

Cutting forages (improves mixing, intake and digestibility of lower quality forages)

93
Q

Forage Pelleting

A

Forced finely chopped forages thru die, usually larger than grain pellets (can incorporate other ingredients to make complelte)

94
Q

Forage Cubing

A

2” by 2” square pellet (easier to handle than baled, but more expensive, and more accurate)

ASCI 35 (3 decks)

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