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Feeds > Feeds and Feeding Exam 2 > Flashcards

Feeds and Feeding Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are advantages of rotational grazing?

A
  1. plant is maintained in vegetative state
  2. increased stand persistence
  3. decreased selective grazing
  4. decreased trampling
  5. increased carrying capacity
  6. increased gain per acre
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2
Q

What are disadvantages of rotational grazing?

A
  1. increased management and capital
  2. continuous decrease in forage quality once animals are introduced to a new paddock
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3
Q

delay of grazing in a pasture until the seed maturity of the key forage specie is reached

A

deferment

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4
Q

nonuse of the pasture for one year

A

rest

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5
Q

first specialized grazing system; originally 2 pasture rotation, now modified to more than 2 pastures

A

deferred rotation

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6
Q

one pasture receives rest for 1 year while the other pastures receive the additional load

A

rest rotation

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7
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of rest rotation?

A

A: best used in mountainous regions with poor livestock distribution; most noted for its benefits to wildlife
D: benefits of rest may be outweighed by the extra use that occurs on the grazed pastures

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8
Q

typically pastures are arranged in a wagon wheel design with watering facilities in the middle
-involves many pastures called “paddocks” usually >8 and sometimes as many as 30+
-animals are moved rapidly (no more than 5 days per paddock)

A

short duration

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9
Q

ultra-high stocking density
- trample litter
- even distribution of manure
- can have low to high harvest efficiency

A

mob grazing

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10
Q

ecosystem management based on evolutionary grazing patterns
- livestock graze recently burned areas

A

pasture-burn grazing

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11
Q

The portion of current years forage production that disappears by grazing animals
- consumption
- destroyed
- weathering
- respiration

A

forage utilization

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12
Q

the portion of current years forage production that is consumed by grazing animals
- depends on forage quality
-less mature forage is usually higher in digestibility (increased rate of passage) and lower in fiber (decreased gut fill)

A

harvest efficiency

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13
Q

What are 5 fed antibiotics (chemical or trade name)?

A
  1. Chlorotetracycline (CTC) - Aureomycin
  2. Oxytetracycline (OTC) - Terramycin
  3. Tylosin - Tylan
  4. Virginiamycin - V-Max, Stafac
  5. Bambermycin - Gain Pro, Flavormycin
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14
Q

What are 4 fed coccidiostats (chemical or trade names?)

A
  1. Amprolium - Amprol, Corid
  2. Decoquinate - Deccox
  3. Lasalocid - Avatec, Bovatec
  4. Monensin - Coban, Rumensin
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15
Q

What are 3 feed anthelmintics (chemical or trade names)?

A
  1. Fenbendazole - Safe Guard
  2. Levamisole - Tramisol
  3. Pyrantel Tartrate - Barnmintn, Strongoid
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16
Q

Ammonium chloride is an acidifier commonly fed to prevent urinary calculi. Which species is fed this?

A

Mainly sheep and goats, can be used in any ruminant diet

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17
Q

What are 4 situations where buffers may be beneficial?

A
  1. adapting cattle to a high-grain finishing diet
  2. a diet consists primarily of fermented feeds
  3. during extreme heat or other stressful times
  4. cattle have loose stools, low milk fat test (dairy)
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18
Q

VFD stands for?

A

Veterinary Feed Directive

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19
Q

What type of feed additives are covered by the VFD?

A

Medically important
- products deemed “important for human medicine” and used by both animals and humans

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20
Q

What type of feed additives are covered by the VFD?

A

Medically important
- products deemed “important for human medicine” and used by born animals and humans

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21
Q

What are the producers’ responsibilities with respect to VFDs?

A

-only feed animal feed bearing or containing a VFD drug or a combination of a VFD drug to animals based on a VFD issues by a licensed veterinarian
-not feed a VFD feed or combination of VFD feed to animals after the expiration date on the VFD
-provide a copy of the VFD order to the feed distributor if the issuing veterinarian sends the distributors copy of the VFD through you, the client
-maintain a copy of the VFD oder for a minimum of 2 years
- provide VFD orders for inspection and coping by the FDA upon request

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22
Q

Which agency is responsible for monitoring drug residues in carcasses at packing plants?

A

APHIS (Animal Plant Health Inspection Service)

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23
Q

Poloxalene (Bloat-Guard) is used to prevent bloat under what conditions?

A

Prevents bloat on legume or other lush pastures (frothy bloat)
- will NOT prevent feedlot (gassy bloat)

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24
Q

What are 3 commonly used ionophores? Which of them prevent coccidiosis?

A
  1. Monensin - prevents coccidiosis
  2. Lasalocid - prevents coccidiosis
  3. Laidiomycin
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25
Q

function by increasing lean tissue accretion

A

beta-antagonists

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26
Q

Which beta-antagonists are commercially available?

A

Ractopamine
Zilpaterol

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27
Q

Which compound is used as an estrus suppressant? When is it commonly used?

A

Melangesterol Acetate (MGA or Heifermax)
-used to suppress heat or riding activity
- improves gain and feed efficiency in feedlot heifers
-can be used in estrus synchronization programs for heifers

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28
Q

prepared and delivered by a mill as a ready-to-feed product

A

complete feed

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29
Q

contains vitamins and minerals, may contain animal protein or crystalline amino acids, mixed with grain and protein source, included at 50-100 lb per ton

A

base mix

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30
Q

contains vitamins and trace minerals, mixed with grain, protein, salt, calcium, and phosphorous, included at 5-10 per ton

A

premix

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31
Q

What are 5 different physical forms of commercial feeds?

A
  1. Meal
  2. Pellets
  3. Crumbles
  4. Wafers
  5. Range cake or cubes
  6. Blocks
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32
Q

What would be some common ingredients in a liquid feed?

A

-molasses
-fermentation liquor
-distillers solubles
-propylene glycol
-alchohol
-water
-urea
-vitamins
-minerals
-medications

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33
Q

What organization has established the format and suggested components of a feed tag?

A

AAFCO

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34
Q

What are the 6 components of a proximate analysis?

A
  1. dry matter
  2. ash (minerals)
  3. crude protein
  4. ether extract
  5. crude fiber
  6. nitrogen-free extract
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35
Q

How is crude protein determined?

A

kjeldahl process determines % N
- protein is ~16% N -> N x 6.25 = CP

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36
Q

Describe the proper way of sampling round and square bales of hay

A

square bales: sample from small end
round bales: sample from curved sides

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37
Q

Why is it important to obtain a representative sample of a feed before sending it off for analysis?

A

because different parts of feeds can include different nutrients

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38
Q

dissolves hemicellulose from NDF, residue, cellulose, insoluble protein, lignin and silica
- negatively correlated with digestibility

A

ADF

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39
Q

dissolves cell contents - fat, pectin, protein, sugar, and starch
- residue, cellulose, hemicellulose, insoluble protein, lignin, and silica
- negatively correlated with dry matter intake

A

NDF

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40
Q

What is ADIN and what is it used for?

A

Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen
- used to analyze nitrogen contained in ADF residue

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41
Q

Which analytical measure can be used to predict voluntary feed intake?

A

neutral detergent van soest method

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42
Q

Which analytical measure can be used to predict digestibility?

A

acid detergent van soest method

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43
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of testing feeds using NIRS?

A

A: speed; simplicity of sample preparation; can analyze multiple constituents in one operation
D: high precision instrument; dependence on calibration procedures; inability to analyze minor constituents

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44
Q

mineral that is % of the diet

A

macro

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45
Q

mineral that is ppm in the diet

A

micro

46
Q

List 7 macro minerals required by livestock

A

Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S

47
Q

List 8 trace minerals required by livestock

A

Co, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn

48
Q

Most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

49
Q

Second most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Phosphorous

50
Q

the primary deficiency signs of ____ are (macro)
- bone abnormalities
- milk fever

A

calcium

51
Q

the primary deficiency signs of ____ are (macro)
- decreased growth
- decreased feed efficiency
- decreased reproduction

A

phosphorous

52
Q

the primary deficiency signs of ___ are (macro)
- decreased feed intake
- decreased weight gain
- pica

A

potassium

53
Q

the primary deficiency signs of ___ are (macro)
- grass tetany

A

magnesium

54
Q

the primary deficiency signs of ___ are (macro)
- decreased feed intake
- decreased growth
- decreased milk production
- pic
- craving for salt

A

sodium

55
Q

the primary deficiency signs of ___ are (macro)
- decreased feed efficiency
- decreased digestibility
- hair and wool loss
- stargazing & head pressing
- PEM or sPEM

A

sulfur

56
Q

primary sources of ___ are (macro)
- forages
- animal by-products
- supplements (limestone, calcium carbonate)

A

calcium

57
Q

primary sources of ___ are (macro)
- grains
- oilseeds
- animal by-products
- supplements (dicalcium, monocalcium phosphate)

A

phosphorous

58
Q

primary sources of ___ are (macro)
- forages
- oilseeds
- supplements (potassium chloride)

A

potassium

59
Q

primary sources of ___ are (macro)
- plant proteins
- forages (variable)
- supplements (magnesium oxide, sulfate, polysaccharide)

A

magnesium

60
Q

primary sources of ___ are (macro)
- forages/ grains (variable)
- supplements (white salt)

A

sodium

61
Q

primary sources of ___ are (macro)
- feeds
- water
- supplements (ammonium, calcium sulfate)

A

sulfur

62
Q

How is Mg absorption affected by pH?

A

as pH increases, solubility of Mg decreases

63
Q

Animals have an appetite for what mineral? How can that be used to our advantage as managers?

A

sodium
- this can be used to control intake

64
Q

Primary signs of toxicity?

A
  • restlessness
  • diarrhea
  • star gazing
  • head pressing
65
Q

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro)
- decreased appetite
- decreased growth
- fatty liver
(toxicity unlikely)

A

cobalt

66
Q

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro)
- depigmentation
- toxic for sheep
- blood and hemoglobin problems
- necrosis
- jaundice
- death

A

copper

67
Q

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro)
- goiter
- coughing
- nasal discharge
- likely due to irritation

A

iodine

68
Q

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro)
- happens in exclusively milk diets, young pigs, parasite infestation
- anemia
- listlessness
(toxicity rare)

A

iron

69
Q

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro)
- perosis in chicks
(toxicity rare)

A

manganese

70
Q

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro)
- muscular denaturation
- reproductive disorders
- compromised immune system
Acute: abnormal movement, garlic breath, vomiting, labored breathing, muscle tremors, death from respiratory failure
Sub-Acute: blind staggers, abdominal pain, excessive salivation, teeth grating, paralysis, respiratory failure, lameness and pain in hooves, death
Chronic: hoof deformation, sloughing of hooves or tails, lameness, loss of hair

A

selenium

71
Q

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of __ are (micro)
- reduced testicular growth
- parakeratosis
(toxicity rare)

A

zinc

72
Q

primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- high soil pH reduces Co content of forages
- inorganic supplements (carbonate, sulfate)
- organic supplements (glucoheptonate)

A

cobalt

73
Q

primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- highly variable
- inorganic supplements (chloride, oxide, sulfate)
- organic supplements (AA complex, proteinate, polysaccharide)

A

copper

74
Q

primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- soil depends
- inorganic supplements ( Ca iodate, K iodide, Na iodide, ethylene diamine, dihydroiodide)

A

iodine

75
Q

primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- cereal grains
- animal products
- forages
- inorganic supplements (carbonate, sulfate)
- organic supplements (AA complex, polysaccharide)

A

iron

76
Q

primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- plant proteins (variable)
- forages
- inorganic supplements (oxide, sulfate)
- organic supplements (AA complex, proteinate, polysaccharide, injectable multi element)

A

manganese

77
Q

primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- plant and animal proteins
- inorganic supplements (selenate, selenite)
- organic supplements (high Se yeast, limited to 0.3 ppm)

A

selenium

78
Q

primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- feeds (variable)
- inorganic supplements (oxide, sulfate)
- organic supplements (AA complex, methionine, proteinate, polysaccharide, injectable multi element)

A

zinc

79
Q

Signs of selenium toxicity

A

acute, sub-acute, chronic

80
Q

why is cobalt required by ruminants but not non-ruminants?

A

cobalt works with the microorganisms in the rumen

81
Q

Which 3 minerals are primary antagonists of copper absorption?

A

Cu + S + Mo (forms thiomolybdate)

82
Q

Last essential nutrients to be identified?

A

vitamins

83
Q

List the 4 primary fat-soluble vitamins. How are they related to fat?

A

A, D, E, and K
- rumen microbes can synthesize vitamin K
- absorbed with fat
- stored in fat depots

84
Q

List 6 examples of water-soluble vitamins

A
  • biotin
  • folic acid
  • niacin
  • pantothenic acid
  • pyridoxin (B6)
  • riboflavin
85
Q

which vitamins are synthesized by rumen microbes?

A

water soluble vitamins

86
Q

which vitamins are stored in the body?

A

fat soluble vitamins

87
Q

what is an “international unit”?

A

the standard unit if potency

88
Q

the solubility of vitamins can be reduced by what 5 factors?

A

time, temp, UV light, humidity, minerals

89
Q

deficiency signs of vitamin ___ include
- eye problems
- abortions

A

vitamin A

90
Q

deficiency signs of vitamin ___ include
- rickets
- osteoporosis
- milk fever

A

vitamin D

91
Q

deficiency signs of vitamin ___ include
- white muscle disease
- hemorrhage in pig embryos
- mulberry heart disease in pigs

A

vitamin E

92
Q

deficiency signs of vitamin ___ include
- poor blood clotting

A

vitamin K

93
Q

deficiency signs of ____ vitamins include
- rare
- skin and hair conditions

A

biotin

94
Q

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- poor growth
- spinal bifida

A

folic acid

95
Q

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- diarrhea
- black tongue in dogs

A

niacin

96
Q

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- goose stepping

A

pantothenic acid

97
Q

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- metabolic lesions
- hind limb paralysis in pigs
- reduced egg production

A

pyridoxine (B6)

98
Q

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- moon blindness in horses

A

riboflavin

99
Q

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- PEM
- s-induced PEM

A

thiamin (B1)

100
Q

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- neurological signs
- perosis
- embryonic death

A

vitamin B12

101
Q

primary sources of vitamin ____
- fresh feeds
- beta-carotene
- degrades overtime

A

A

102
Q

primary sources of vitamin ____
- sunlight
- supplemented as vitamin D

A

D

103
Q

primary sources of vitamin ___
- green forages
- supplemented as alpha-tocopherol

A

E

104
Q

primary sources of vitamin ___
- produced by rumen microbes
- green plants
- supplemented as menadione

A

K

105
Q

primary sources of ____ vitamins
- feeds
- supplemented as biotin

A

biotin

106
Q

primary sources of ____ vitamins
- rumen microbes
- supplemented as folic acid

A

folic acid

107
Q

primary sources of ___ vitamins
- synthesized by tryptophan
- supplemented as niacin

A

niacin

108
Q

primary sources of ____ vitamins
- rumen microbes
- supplemented as pantothenic acid

A

pantothenic acid

109
Q

primary sources of ___ vitamins
- rumen microbes
- supplemented as pyridoxine

A

pyridoxine (B6)

110
Q

primary sources of ___ vitamins
- rumen microbes
- supplemented as riboflavin

A

riboflavin

111
Q

primary sources of ___ vitamins
- rumen microbes
- supplemented as thiamin

A

thiamin (B1)

112
Q

primary sources of ___ vitamins
- rumen microbes IF Co is adequate
- supplemented as B12

A

vitamin B12

Feeds (2 decks)

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