Feeds and Feeding Exam 2 Flashcards
What are advantages of rotational grazing?
- plant is maintained in vegetative state
- increased stand persistence
- decreased selective grazing
- decreased trampling
- increased carrying capacity
- increased gain per acre
What are disadvantages of rotational grazing?
- increased management and capital
- continuous decrease in forage quality once animals are introduced to a new paddock
delay of grazing in a pasture until the seed maturity of the key forage specie is reached
deferment
nonuse of the pasture for one year
rest
first specialized grazing system; originally 2 pasture rotation, now modified to more than 2 pastures
deferred rotation
one pasture receives rest for 1 year while the other pastures receive the additional load
rest rotation
What are advantages and disadvantages of rest rotation?
A: best used in mountainous regions with poor livestock distribution; most noted for its benefits to wildlife
D: benefits of rest may be outweighed by the extra use that occurs on the grazed pastures
typically pastures are arranged in a wagon wheel design with watering facilities in the middle
-involves many pastures called “paddocks” usually >8 and sometimes as many as 30+
-animals are moved rapidly (no more than 5 days per paddock)
short duration
ultra-high stocking density
- trample litter
- even distribution of manure
- can have low to high harvest efficiency
mob grazing
ecosystem management based on evolutionary grazing patterns
- livestock graze recently burned areas
pasture-burn grazing
The portion of current years forage production that disappears by grazing animals
- consumption
- destroyed
- weathering
- respiration
forage utilization
the portion of current years forage production that is consumed by grazing animals
- depends on forage quality
-less mature forage is usually higher in digestibility (increased rate of passage) and lower in fiber (decreased gut fill)
harvest efficiency
What are 5 fed antibiotics (chemical or trade name)?
- Chlorotetracycline (CTC) - Aureomycin
- Oxytetracycline (OTC) - Terramycin
- Tylosin - Tylan
- Virginiamycin - V-Max, Stafac
- Bambermycin - Gain Pro, Flavormycin
What are 4 fed coccidiostats (chemical or trade names?)
- Amprolium - Amprol, Corid
- Decoquinate - Deccox
- Lasalocid - Avatec, Bovatec
- Monensin - Coban, Rumensin
What are 3 feed anthelmintics (chemical or trade names)?
- Fenbendazole - Safe Guard
- Levamisole - Tramisol
- Pyrantel Tartrate - Barnmintn, Strongoid
Ammonium chloride is an acidifier commonly fed to prevent urinary calculi. Which species is fed this?
Mainly sheep and goats, can be used in any ruminant diet
What are 4 situations where buffers may be beneficial?
- adapting cattle to a high-grain finishing diet
- a diet consists primarily of fermented feeds
- during extreme heat or other stressful times
- cattle have loose stools, low milk fat test (dairy)
VFD stands for?
Veterinary Feed Directive
What type of feed additives are covered by the VFD?
Medically important
- products deemed “important for human medicine” and used by both animals and humans
What type of feed additives are covered by the VFD?
Medically important
- products deemed “important for human medicine” and used by born animals and humans
What are the producers’ responsibilities with respect to VFDs?
-only feed animal feed bearing or containing a VFD drug or a combination of a VFD drug to animals based on a VFD issues by a licensed veterinarian
-not feed a VFD feed or combination of VFD feed to animals after the expiration date on the VFD
-provide a copy of the VFD order to the feed distributor if the issuing veterinarian sends the distributors copy of the VFD through you, the client
-maintain a copy of the VFD oder for a minimum of 2 years
- provide VFD orders for inspection and coping by the FDA upon request
Which agency is responsible for monitoring drug residues in carcasses at packing plants?
APHIS (Animal Plant Health Inspection Service)
Poloxalene (Bloat-Guard) is used to prevent bloat under what conditions?
Prevents bloat on legume or other lush pastures (frothy bloat)
- will NOT prevent feedlot (gassy bloat)
What are 3 commonly used ionophores? Which of them prevent coccidiosis?
- Monensin - prevents coccidiosis
- Lasalocid - prevents coccidiosis
- Laidiomycin
function by increasing lean tissue accretion
beta-antagonists
Which beta-antagonists are commercially available?
Ractopamine
Zilpaterol
Which compound is used as an estrus suppressant? When is it commonly used?
Melangesterol Acetate (MGA or Heifermax)
-used to suppress heat or riding activity
- improves gain and feed efficiency in feedlot heifers
-can be used in estrus synchronization programs for heifers
prepared and delivered by a mill as a ready-to-feed product
complete feed
contains vitamins and minerals, may contain animal protein or crystalline amino acids, mixed with grain and protein source, included at 50-100 lb per ton
base mix
contains vitamins and trace minerals, mixed with grain, protein, salt, calcium, and phosphorous, included at 5-10 per ton
premix
What are 5 different physical forms of commercial feeds?
- Meal
- Pellets
- Crumbles
- Wafers
- Range cake or cubes
- Blocks
What would be some common ingredients in a liquid feed?
-molasses
-fermentation liquor
-distillers solubles
-propylene glycol
-alchohol
-water
-urea
-vitamins
-minerals
-medications
What organization has established the format and suggested components of a feed tag?
AAFCO
What are the 6 components of a proximate analysis?
- dry matter
- ash (minerals)
- crude protein
- ether extract
- crude fiber
- nitrogen-free extract
How is crude protein determined?
kjeldahl process determines % N
- protein is ~16% N -> N x 6.25 = CP
Describe the proper way of sampling round and square bales of hay
square bales: sample from small end
round bales: sample from curved sides
Why is it important to obtain a representative sample of a feed before sending it off for analysis?
because different parts of feeds can include different nutrients
dissolves hemicellulose from NDF, residue, cellulose, insoluble protein, lignin and silica
- negatively correlated with digestibility
ADF
dissolves cell contents - fat, pectin, protein, sugar, and starch
- residue, cellulose, hemicellulose, insoluble protein, lignin, and silica
- negatively correlated with dry matter intake
NDF
What is ADIN and what is it used for?
Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen
- used to analyze nitrogen contained in ADF residue
Which analytical measure can be used to predict voluntary feed intake?
neutral detergent van soest method
Which analytical measure can be used to predict digestibility?
acid detergent van soest method
What are the advantages and disadvantages of testing feeds using NIRS?
A: speed; simplicity of sample preparation; can analyze multiple constituents in one operation
D: high precision instrument; dependence on calibration procedures; inability to analyze minor constituents
mineral that is % of the diet
macro
mineral that is ppm in the diet
micro
List 7 macro minerals required by livestock
Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S
List 8 trace minerals required by livestock
Co, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn
Most abundant mineral in the body?
Calcium
Second most abundant mineral in the body?
Phosphorous
the primary deficiency signs of ____ are (macro)
- bone abnormalities
- milk fever
calcium
the primary deficiency signs of ____ are (macro)
- decreased growth
- decreased feed efficiency
- decreased reproduction
phosphorous
the primary deficiency signs of ___ are (macro)
- decreased feed intake
- decreased weight gain
- pica
potassium
the primary deficiency signs of ___ are (macro)
- grass tetany
magnesium
the primary deficiency signs of ___ are (macro)
- decreased feed intake
- decreased growth
- decreased milk production
- pic
- craving for salt
sodium
the primary deficiency signs of ___ are (macro)
- decreased feed efficiency
- decreased digestibility
- hair and wool loss
- stargazing & head pressing
- PEM or sPEM
sulfur
primary sources of ___ are (macro)
- forages
- animal by-products
- supplements (limestone, calcium carbonate)
calcium
primary sources of ___ are (macro)
- grains
- oilseeds
- animal by-products
- supplements (dicalcium, monocalcium phosphate)
phosphorous
primary sources of ___ are (macro)
- forages
- oilseeds
- supplements (potassium chloride)
potassium
primary sources of ___ are (macro)
- plant proteins
- forages (variable)
- supplements (magnesium oxide, sulfate, polysaccharide)
magnesium
primary sources of ___ are (macro)
- forages/ grains (variable)
- supplements (white salt)
sodium
primary sources of ___ are (macro)
- feeds
- water
- supplements (ammonium, calcium sulfate)
sulfur
How is Mg absorption affected by pH?
as pH increases, solubility of Mg decreases
Animals have an appetite for what mineral? How can that be used to our advantage as managers?
sodium
- this can be used to control intake
Primary signs of toxicity?
- restlessness
- diarrhea
- star gazing
- head pressing
the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro)
- decreased appetite
- decreased growth
- fatty liver
(toxicity unlikely)
cobalt
the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro)
- depigmentation
- toxic for sheep
- blood and hemoglobin problems
- necrosis
- jaundice
- death
copper
the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro)
- goiter
- coughing
- nasal discharge
- likely due to irritation
iodine
the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro)
- happens in exclusively milk diets, young pigs, parasite infestation
- anemia
- listlessness
(toxicity rare)
iron
the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro)
- perosis in chicks
(toxicity rare)
manganese
the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro)
- muscular denaturation
- reproductive disorders
- compromised immune system
Acute: abnormal movement, garlic breath, vomiting, labored breathing, muscle tremors, death from respiratory failure
Sub-Acute: blind staggers, abdominal pain, excessive salivation, teeth grating, paralysis, respiratory failure, lameness and pain in hooves, death
Chronic: hoof deformation, sloughing of hooves or tails, lameness, loss of hair
selenium
the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of __ are (micro)
- reduced testicular growth
- parakeratosis
(toxicity rare)
zinc
primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- high soil pH reduces Co content of forages
- inorganic supplements (carbonate, sulfate)
- organic supplements (glucoheptonate)
cobalt
primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- highly variable
- inorganic supplements (chloride, oxide, sulfate)
- organic supplements (AA complex, proteinate, polysaccharide)
copper
primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- soil depends
- inorganic supplements ( Ca iodate, K iodide, Na iodide, ethylene diamine, dihydroiodide)
iodine
primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- cereal grains
- animal products
- forages
- inorganic supplements (carbonate, sulfate)
- organic supplements (AA complex, polysaccharide)
iron
primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- plant proteins (variable)
- forages
- inorganic supplements (oxide, sulfate)
- organic supplements (AA complex, proteinate, polysaccharide, injectable multi element)
manganese
primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- plant and animal proteins
- inorganic supplements (selenate, selenite)
- organic supplements (high Se yeast, limited to 0.3 ppm)
selenium
primary sources of ___ are (micro)
- feeds (variable)
- inorganic supplements (oxide, sulfate)
- organic supplements (AA complex, methionine, proteinate, polysaccharide, injectable multi element)
zinc
Signs of selenium toxicity
acute, sub-acute, chronic
why is cobalt required by ruminants but not non-ruminants?
cobalt works with the microorganisms in the rumen
Which 3 minerals are primary antagonists of copper absorption?
Cu + S + Mo (forms thiomolybdate)
Last essential nutrients to be identified?
vitamins
List the 4 primary fat-soluble vitamins. How are they related to fat?
A, D, E, and K
- rumen microbes can synthesize vitamin K
- absorbed with fat
- stored in fat depots
List 6 examples of water-soluble vitamins
- biotin
- folic acid
- niacin
- pantothenic acid
- pyridoxin (B6)
- riboflavin
which vitamins are synthesized by rumen microbes?
water soluble vitamins
which vitamins are stored in the body?
fat soluble vitamins
what is an “international unit”?
the standard unit if potency
the solubility of vitamins can be reduced by what 5 factors?
time, temp, UV light, humidity, minerals
deficiency signs of vitamin ___ include
- eye problems
- abortions
vitamin A
deficiency signs of vitamin ___ include
- rickets
- osteoporosis
- milk fever
vitamin D
deficiency signs of vitamin ___ include
- white muscle disease
- hemorrhage in pig embryos
- mulberry heart disease in pigs
vitamin E
deficiency signs of vitamin ___ include
- poor blood clotting
vitamin K
deficiency signs of ____ vitamins include
- rare
- skin and hair conditions
biotin
deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- poor growth
- spinal bifida
folic acid
deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- diarrhea
- black tongue in dogs
niacin
deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- goose stepping
pantothenic acid
deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- metabolic lesions
- hind limb paralysis in pigs
- reduced egg production
pyridoxine (B6)
deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- moon blindness in horses
riboflavin
deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- PEM
- s-induced PEM
thiamin (B1)
deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include
- neurological signs
- perosis
- embryonic death
vitamin B12
primary sources of vitamin ____
- fresh feeds
- beta-carotene
- degrades overtime
A
primary sources of vitamin ____
- sunlight
- supplemented as vitamin D
D
primary sources of vitamin ___
- green forages
- supplemented as alpha-tocopherol
E
primary sources of vitamin ___
- produced by rumen microbes
- green plants
- supplemented as menadione
K
primary sources of ____ vitamins
- feeds
- supplemented as biotin
biotin
primary sources of ____ vitamins
- rumen microbes
- supplemented as folic acid
folic acid
primary sources of ___ vitamins
- synthesized by tryptophan
- supplemented as niacin
niacin
primary sources of ____ vitamins
- rumen microbes
- supplemented as pantothenic acid
pantothenic acid
primary sources of ___ vitamins
- rumen microbes
- supplemented as pyridoxine
pyridoxine (B6)
primary sources of ___ vitamins
- rumen microbes
- supplemented as riboflavin
riboflavin
primary sources of ___ vitamins
- rumen microbes
- supplemented as thiamin
thiamin (B1)
primary sources of ___ vitamins
- rumen microbes IF Co is adequate
- supplemented as B12
vitamin B12
