Feeds and Feeding Exam 2 Flashcards by Annabelle Hlavac

What are advantages of rotational grazing?

plant is maintained in vegetative state
increased stand persistence
decreased selective grazing
decreased trampling
increased carrying capacity
increased gain per acre

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What are disadvantages of rotational grazing?

increased management and capital
continuous decrease in forage quality once animals are introduced to a new paddock

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delay of grazing in a pasture until the seed maturity of the key forage specie is reached

deferment

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nonuse of the pasture for one year

rest

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first specialized grazing system; originally 2 pasture rotation, now modified to more than 2 pastures

deferred rotation

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one pasture receives rest for 1 year while the other pastures receive the additional load

rest rotation

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What are advantages and disadvantages of rest rotation?

A: best used in mountainous regions with poor livestock distribution; most noted for its benefits to wildlife
D: benefits of rest may be outweighed by the extra use that occurs on the grazed pastures

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typically pastures are arranged in a wagon wheel design with watering facilities in the middle
-involves many pastures called “paddocks” usually >8 and sometimes as many as 30+
-animals are moved rapidly (no more than 5 days per paddock)

short duration

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ultra-high stocking density
- trample litter
- even distribution of manure
- can have low to high harvest efficiency

mob grazing

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ecosystem management based on evolutionary grazing patterns
- livestock graze recently burned areas

pasture-burn grazing

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The portion of current years forage production that disappears by grazing animals
- consumption
- destroyed
- weathering
- respiration

forage utilization

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the portion of current years forage production that is consumed by grazing animals
- depends on forage quality
-less mature forage is usually higher in digestibility (increased rate of passage) and lower in fiber (decreased gut fill)

harvest efficiency

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What are 5 fed antibiotics (chemical or trade name)?

Chlorotetracycline (CTC) - Aureomycin
Oxytetracycline (OTC) - Terramycin
Tylosin - Tylan
Virginiamycin - V-Max, Stafac
Bambermycin - Gain Pro, Flavormycin

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What are 4 fed coccidiostats (chemical or trade names?)

Amprolium - Amprol, Corid
Decoquinate - Deccox
Lasalocid - Avatec, Bovatec
Monensin - Coban, Rumensin

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What are 3 feed anthelmintics (chemical or trade names)?

Fenbendazole - Safe Guard
Levamisole - Tramisol
Pyrantel Tartrate - Barnmintn, Strongoid

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Ammonium chloride is an acidifier commonly fed to prevent urinary calculi. Which species is fed this?

Mainly sheep and goats, can be used in any ruminant diet

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What are 4 situations where buffers may be beneficial?

adapting cattle to a high-grain finishing diet
a diet consists primarily of fermented feeds
during extreme heat or other stressful times
cattle have loose stools, low milk fat test (dairy)

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VFD stands for?

Veterinary Feed Directive

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What type of feed additives are covered by the VFD?

Medically important
- products deemed “important for human medicine” and used by both animals and humans

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What type of feed additives are covered by the VFD?

Medically important
- products deemed “important for human medicine” and used by born animals and humans

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What are the producers’ responsibilities with respect to VFDs?

-only feed animal feed bearing or containing a VFD drug or a combination of a VFD drug to animals based on a VFD issues by a licensed veterinarian
-not feed a VFD feed or combination of VFD feed to animals after the expiration date on the VFD
-provide a copy of the VFD order to the feed distributor if the issuing veterinarian sends the distributors copy of the VFD through you, the client
-maintain a copy of the VFD oder for a minimum of 2 years
- provide VFD orders for inspection and coping by the FDA upon request

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Which agency is responsible for monitoring drug residues in carcasses at packing plants?

APHIS (Animal Plant Health Inspection Service)

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Poloxalene (Bloat-Guard) is used to prevent bloat under what conditions?

Prevents bloat on legume or other lush pastures (frothy bloat)
- will NOT prevent feedlot (gassy bloat)

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What are 3 commonly used ionophores? Which of them prevent coccidiosis?

Monensin - prevents coccidiosis
Lasalocid - prevents coccidiosis
Laidiomycin

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function by increasing lean tissue accretion

beta-antagonists

Which beta-antagonists are commercially available?

Ractopamine Zilpaterol

Which compound is used as an estrus suppressant? When is it commonly used?

Melangesterol Acetate (MGA or Heifermax) -used to suppress heat or riding activity - improves gain and feed efficiency in feedlot heifers -can be used in estrus synchronization programs for heifers

prepared and delivered by a mill as a ready-to-feed product

complete feed

contains vitamins and minerals, may contain animal protein or crystalline amino acids, mixed with grain and protein source, included at 50-100 lb per ton

base mix

contains vitamins and trace minerals, mixed with grain, protein, salt, calcium, and phosphorous, included at 5-10 per ton

premix

What are 5 different physical forms of commercial feeds?

1. Meal 2. Pellets 3. Crumbles 4. Wafers 5. Range cake or cubes 6. Blocks

What would be some common ingredients in a liquid feed?

-molasses -fermentation liquor -distillers solubles -propylene glycol -alchohol -water -urea -vitamins -minerals -medications

What organization has established the format and suggested components of a feed tag?

AAFCO

What are the 6 components of a proximate analysis?

1. dry matter 2. ash (minerals) 3. crude protein 4. ether extract 5. crude fiber 6. nitrogen-free extract

How is crude protein determined?

kjeldahl process determines % N - protein is ~16% N -> N x 6.25 = CP

Describe the proper way of sampling round and square bales of hay

square bales: sample from small end round bales: sample from curved sides

Why is it important to obtain a representative sample of a feed before sending it off for analysis?

because different parts of feeds can include different nutrients

dissolves hemicellulose from NDF, residue, cellulose, insoluble protein, lignin and silica - negatively correlated with digestibility

ADF

dissolves cell contents - fat, pectin, protein, sugar, and starch - residue, cellulose, hemicellulose, insoluble protein, lignin, and silica - negatively correlated with dry matter intake

NDF

What is ADIN and what is it used for?

Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen - used to analyze nitrogen contained in ADF residue

Which analytical measure can be used to predict voluntary feed intake?

neutral detergent van soest method

Which analytical measure can be used to predict digestibility?

acid detergent van soest method

What are the advantages and disadvantages of testing feeds using NIRS?

A: speed; simplicity of sample preparation; can analyze multiple constituents in one operation D: high precision instrument; dependence on calibration procedures; inability to analyze minor constituents

mineral that is % of the diet

macro

mineral that is ppm in the diet

micro

List 7 macro minerals required by livestock

Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S

List 8 trace minerals required by livestock

Co, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn

Most abundant mineral in the body?

Calcium

Second most abundant mineral in the body?

Phosphorous

the primary deficiency signs of ____ are (macro) - bone abnormalities - milk fever

calcium

the primary deficiency signs of ____ are (macro) - decreased growth - decreased feed efficiency - decreased reproduction

phosphorous

the primary deficiency signs of ___ are (macro) - decreased feed intake - decreased weight gain - pica

potassium

the primary deficiency signs of ___ are (macro) - grass tetany

magnesium

the primary deficiency signs of ___ are (macro) - decreased feed intake - decreased growth - decreased milk production - pic - craving for salt

sodium

the primary deficiency signs of ___ are (macro) - decreased feed efficiency - decreased digestibility - hair and wool loss - stargazing & head pressing - PEM or sPEM

sulfur

primary sources of ___ are (macro) - forages - animal by-products - supplements (limestone, calcium carbonate)

calcium

primary sources of ___ are (macro) - grains - oilseeds - animal by-products - supplements (dicalcium, monocalcium phosphate)

phosphorous

primary sources of ___ are (macro) - forages - oilseeds - supplements (potassium chloride)

potassium

primary sources of ___ are (macro) - plant proteins - forages (variable) - supplements (magnesium oxide, sulfate, polysaccharide)

magnesium

primary sources of ___ are (macro) - forages/ grains (variable) - supplements (white salt)

sodium

primary sources of ___ are (macro) - feeds - water - supplements (ammonium, calcium sulfate)

sulfur

How is Mg absorption affected by pH?

as pH increases, solubility of Mg decreases

Animals have an appetite for what mineral? How can that be used to our advantage as managers?

sodium - this can be used to control intake

Primary signs of toxicity?

- restlessness - diarrhea - star gazing - head pressing

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro) - decreased appetite - decreased growth - fatty liver (toxicity unlikely)

cobalt

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro) - depigmentation - toxic for sheep - blood and hemoglobin problems - necrosis - jaundice - death

copper

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro) - goiter - coughing - nasal discharge - likely due to irritation

iodine

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro) - happens in exclusively milk diets, young pigs, parasite infestation - anemia - listlessness (toxicity rare)

iron

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro) - perosis in chicks (toxicity rare)

manganese

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of ___ are (micro) - muscular denaturation - reproductive disorders - compromised immune system Acute: abnormal movement, garlic breath, vomiting, labored breathing, muscle tremors, death from respiratory failure Sub-Acute: blind staggers, abdominal pain, excessive salivation, teeth grating, paralysis, respiratory failure, lameness and pain in hooves, death Chronic: hoof deformation, sloughing of hooves or tails, lameness, loss of hair

selenium

the primary deficiency and toxicity signs of __ are (micro) - reduced testicular growth - parakeratosis (toxicity rare)

zinc

primary sources of ___ are (micro) - high soil pH reduces Co content of forages - inorganic supplements (carbonate, sulfate) - organic supplements (glucoheptonate)

cobalt

primary sources of ___ are (micro) - highly variable - inorganic supplements (chloride, oxide, sulfate) - organic supplements (AA complex, proteinate, polysaccharide)

copper

primary sources of ___ are (micro) - soil depends - inorganic supplements ( Ca iodate, K iodide, Na iodide, ethylene diamine, dihydroiodide)

iodine

primary sources of ___ are (micro) - cereal grains - animal products - forages - inorganic supplements (carbonate, sulfate) - organic supplements (AA complex, polysaccharide)

iron

primary sources of ___ are (micro) - plant proteins (variable) - forages - inorganic supplements (oxide, sulfate) - organic supplements (AA complex, proteinate, polysaccharide, injectable multi element)

manganese

primary sources of ___ are (micro) - plant and animal proteins - inorganic supplements (selenate, selenite) - organic supplements (high Se yeast, limited to 0.3 ppm)

selenium

primary sources of ___ are (micro) - feeds (variable) - inorganic supplements (oxide, sulfate) - organic supplements (AA complex, methionine, proteinate, polysaccharide, injectable multi element)

zinc

Signs of selenium toxicity

acute, sub-acute, chronic

why is cobalt required by ruminants but not non-ruminants?

cobalt works with the microorganisms in the rumen

Which 3 minerals are primary antagonists of copper absorption?

Cu + S + Mo (forms thiomolybdate)

Last essential nutrients to be identified?

vitamins

List the 4 primary fat-soluble vitamins. How are they related to fat?

A, D, E, and K - rumen microbes can synthesize vitamin K - absorbed with fat - stored in fat depots

List 6 examples of water-soluble vitamins

- biotin - folic acid - niacin - pantothenic acid - pyridoxin (B6) - riboflavin

which vitamins are synthesized by rumen microbes?

water soluble vitamins

which vitamins are stored in the body?

fat soluble vitamins

what is an "international unit"?

the standard unit if potency

the solubility of vitamins can be reduced by what 5 factors?

time, temp, UV light, humidity, minerals

deficiency signs of vitamin ___ include - eye problems - abortions

vitamin A

deficiency signs of vitamin ___ include - rickets - osteoporosis - milk fever

vitamin D

deficiency signs of vitamin ___ include - white muscle disease - hemorrhage in pig embryos - mulberry heart disease in pigs

vitamin E

deficiency signs of vitamin ___ include - poor blood clotting

vitamin K

deficiency signs of ____ vitamins include - rare - skin and hair conditions

biotin

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include - poor growth - spinal bifida

folic acid

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include - diarrhea - black tongue in dogs

niacin

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include - goose stepping

pantothenic acid

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include - metabolic lesions - hind limb paralysis in pigs - reduced egg production

pyridoxine (B6)

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include - moon blindness in horses

riboflavin

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include - PEM - s-induced PEM

thiamin (B1)

deficiency signs of ___ vitamins include - neurological signs - perosis - embryonic death

vitamin B12

primary sources of vitamin ____ - fresh feeds - beta-carotene - degrades overtime

primary sources of vitamin ____ - sunlight - supplemented as vitamin D

primary sources of vitamin ___ - green forages - supplemented as alpha-tocopherol

primary sources of vitamin ___ - produced by rumen microbes - green plants - supplemented as menadione

primary sources of ____ vitamins - feeds - supplemented as biotin

biotin

primary sources of ____ vitamins - rumen microbes - supplemented as folic acid

folic acid

primary sources of ___ vitamins - synthesized by tryptophan - supplemented as niacin

niacin

primary sources of ____ vitamins - rumen microbes - supplemented as pantothenic acid

pantothenic acid

primary sources of ___ vitamins - rumen microbes - supplemented as pyridoxine

pyridoxine (B6)

primary sources of ___ vitamins - rumen microbes - supplemented as riboflavin

riboflavin

primary sources of ___ vitamins - rumen microbes - supplemented as thiamin

thiamin (B1)

primary sources of ___ vitamins - rumen microbes IF Co is adequate - supplemented as B12

vitamin B12