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3A Zoology - Invertebrates > Feeding and Reproduction in Echinoderms > Flashcards

Feeding and Reproduction in Echinoderms Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of feeders are Asteroids?

A

Carnivores and scavengers, some suspension feeders

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2
Q

What do asteroids eat?

A

Snails, bivalves, crustaceans, small fish

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3
Q

How do asteroids catch prey?

A

Detect prey by chemical cues. Some are sit and wait predators.
Pry open bivalve shells with tube feet/arms. Evert stomach and secrete digestive juices.

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4
Q

What kind of feeders are Ophiuroids?

A

Suspension/deposit feeders, carnivores and scavengers

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5
Q

How do ophiuroids catch prey using suspension feeding?

A

Wave arms to create water currents.
Mucous covers underside of arms
Tube feet pass food to mouth

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6
Q

How do ophiuroids catch prey using deposit feeding?

A

Tube feet gather and sort food

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7
Q

How do ophiuroids catch prey as carnivores/scavengers?

A

Catch small passing crustaceans or polychaetes with arms

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8
Q

What kind of feeders are regular urchins?

A

Largely herbivorous

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9
Q

What kind of feeders are irregular urchins?

A

Deposit feeders

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10
Q

What kind of feeders are Crinoids?

A

Passive suspension feeders

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11
Q

How do Crinoids catch prey as passive suspension feeders?

A

Have mucous-covered tube feet. Primary and secondary tube feet capture passing food.
Tertiary tube feet rake food of and pass to the ambulacral groove and onwards to mouth

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12
Q

What kind of feeders are Holothuroids?

A

Deposit or suspension feeders

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13
Q

How do Holothuroids catch prey as deposit or suspension feeders?

A

Mucous covered buccal podia around mouth
Food scraped from podia in mouth and recoated with mucous
Suspension feeders often live in burrows/crevices - branched podia
Mobile deposit feeders found on surface - shovel shaped podia
Sedentary deposit feeders burrow - ingesting sand

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14
Q

In what echinoderms is asexual reproduction found?

A

Asteroids, ophiuroids and holothuroids

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15
Q

What are the main methods of asexual reproduction in echinoderms?

A

Fission or Autotomy

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16
Q

What happens in fission?

A

Animal splits down fission plane
Some develop furrow of weakened tissue and/or stretch and split

17
Q

What happens in autotomy?

A

Regeneration of whole animal from breaking off one arm
1/5 of the central disc required for regeneration

18
Q

Which method of asexual reproduction can have anti-predation advantages?

A

Autotomy

19
Q

What are the issues with fission and autotomy?

A

Energy consuming, slow population increases, reduced dispersal, lack of outbreeding

20
Q

What method of reproduction do the majority of echinoderms use?

A

Sexual reproduction - release gametes into water column for external fertilisation

21
Q

What are gametes often released through?

A

Gonopores

22
Q

When do many echinoderms breed and why?

A

Seasonal breeders in spring - coincide with algal blooms

23
Q

What is the advantage of brood protection?

A
  • Increased survival through protection from remaining in association with an adult, environmental conditions are often improved as well, plus nutrients provided
  • Increased parental fitness
24
Q

Do echinoderms often engage in brood protection?

A

No, this is rare behaviour

25
Q

Which group of species commonly brood?

A

Cold water (Antarctic) species

26
Q

Where do Asteroids brood eggs?

A

Mostly brood eggs under arched body
Leptisterias sp. brood eggs in their stomachs

27
Q

Where do Ophiuroids brood eggs?

A

Bursae used as brood pouches
In some species young emerge as juveniles

28
Q

What is the disadvantage of Ophiuroids having large broods?

A

Large broods can restrict/prevent feeding

29
Q

Where do Echinoids brood eggs?

A

External brooders - carry eggs between spines or around peristome surrounding Aristotle’s lantern

30
Q

Where do Holothuroids brood eggs?

A

Internally - juveniles exit through ruptures in the body wall. Viviparous - birth live young

31
Q

What species of Holothuroids provide young with additional nutrients?

A

Synaptula hydriformis

32
Q

Where do Crinoids brood eggs?

A

Often eggs are stuck to pinnules - such as Antedon genus
Some show internal brooding in pouches on pinnules

33
Q

What are the costs of brooding young?

A
  • Feeding may be reduced with large broods
  • Fecundity decreased due to large egg size
  • Large eggs are expensive to produce
  • Reduced dispersal of young
  • But advantages must outweigh otherwise would not have evolved

3A Zoology - Invertebrates (12 decks)

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