Feeding and Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 7 main nutrients?
A
Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats, Fibre, Vitamins, Minerals, Water
2
Q
What is the role of carbohydrates?
A
Our main source of energy.
3
Q
What are the two main groups of carbohydrate?
A
Simple and complex carbohydrates.
4
Q
Give an example of a simple carbohydrate.
A
Glucose or Sucrose.
5
Q
Give an example of a complex carbohydrate.
A
Starch.
6
Q
Describe the process of cellular respiration.
A
Glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water, and the energy is transferred to ATP.
7
Q
What does ATP stand for?
A
Adenosine Triphosphate
8
Q
What is the function of cellular respiration?
A
To provide the body with energy.
9
Q
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
A
C6H12O6
10
Q
What are the waste products of cellular respiration?
A
CO2 and H20
11
Q
What is a monosaccharide?
A
Carbohydrate polymers are made from monomers or building blocks called monosaccharides.
12
Q
Give an example of a monosaccharide.
A
Glucose.
13
Q
What is glucose made up of?
A
6 Carbon molecules
12 Hydrogen molecules
6 Oxygen molecules
14
Q
What is a disaccharide?
A
If two monomers join together by a condensation reaction (water is removed), they form a disaccharide.
15
Q
Give an example of a disaccharide.
A
Maltose.
16
Q
What is maltose made up of?
A
12 Carbon molecules
22 Hydrogen molecules
11 Oxygen molecules
17
Q
What is the chemical formula of maltose?
A
C12H22O11
18
Q
What is a polysaccharide?
A
Many monosaccharides joined together.
19
Q
Give an example of a polysaccharide.
A
Starch
20
Q
What is starch made up of?
A
Glucose molecules.
21
Q
Describe the condensation reaction.
A
Water is removed to help monomers bond together in a disaccharide or polysaccharide.
22
Q
Describe the hydrolysis reaction.
A
Water is added to break the bonds between monomers in a disaccharide or polysaccharide.
23
Q
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are known as what kind of nutrients?
A
Macronutrients
24
Q
What is glycogen and where is it stored?
A
Glycogen is a polysaccharide stored in liver cells and muscle cells.
25
What disaccharide do you get if you mix glucose and fructose together?
Sucrose
26
What disaccharide do you get if you mix glucose and galactose together?
Lactose
27
What are the main functions of proteins?
Growth, development and repair of muscles.
Healthy coat or hair.
Tissue renewal and repair.
Regulating metabolism (enzymes and hormones)
28
What are the monomers of proteins known as?
Amino acids.
29
What joins the monomers of proteins together?
Peptide bond.
30
What are the three groups of amino acids?
An Amino Group (NH2)
A Carboxylic Acid Group (COOH)
A Side Chain / R Group
31
How many types of amino acids are there?
22
32
Name an example of an amino acid.
Glycine
33
When two amino acids join together, what do they create?
Dipeptide
34
When more than two amino acids join together, what do they create?
Polypeptide
35
What is the structure of a primary protein?
Structure sequence of a chain of amino acids.
36
What is the structure of a secondary protein? Give an example.
Local folding of the polypeptide chain into helices or sheets e.g. DNA
37
What is the structure of a tertiary protein? Give an example.
Three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions e.g. Amylase
38
What is the structure of a quaternary protein? Give an example.
Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain e.g. Haemoglobin
39
What are lipids also known as?
Fats
40
What are lipids soluble in?
Alcohol
41
What are lipids insoluble in?
Water
42
What does it mean when lipids are saturated?
They contain no double bonds.
43
What does it mean when lipids are unsaturated?
They contain double bonds.
44
What are the functions of lipids?
Reserve energy store for the body
Insulation against the cold
Protects major organs
Basis of cell membrane
Digestion
Some hormones are lipids
45
Give an example of a lipid in the body.
Steroid hormones (e.g., cortisol)
Phospholipids (make up cell membranes)
Cholesterol
Triglycerides (body fat)
46
What are fats made up of?
Glycerol (C3H8O3) and Fatty Acids
47
What is the function of the lipid, triglycerides?
Your body uses it when there is no glucose available for energy.
48
Describe the formation of a triglyceride.
An Ester Bond forms via a condensation reaction. Water is formed as a by-product.
49
What is the function of a phospholipid?
It forms the basis of a cell membrane.
50
Is the top or bottom of the phospholipd hydrophobic?
Bottom (Tail)
51
Is the top or bottom of the phospholipid hydrophilic?
Top (Head)
52
What does is it called when the phospholipid molecules line up next to each other in two layers?
Bilayer
53
What is water needed for?
Hydration
Blood Production
Urine and faeces production/consistency
Nutrient transportaion
Digestion
Lactation
Temperature regulation
Muscle/joint lubricant
54
What is a vitamin?
A vitamin is a small molecule that your body needs to carry out a certain reaction.
55
What are the functions of vitamins?
Develop vision, bone, hair, fur and feathers
Form new red blood cells
Protection against diseases
Develop and maintain nervous system
Aids blood clotting
56
Name four fat soluble vitamins.
Vitamin A, D, E, K
57
What is a fat soluble vitamin?
These are stored in the form of oil and fats. They remain in the body longer and are absorbed from the gut along with fat and can be stored.
58
What is a water soluble vitamin?
These are expelled from the body quicker via urine and sweat.
59
Name any water soluble vitamins.
B1, B2, B3, B6, B7, B9, B12, Vitamin C
60
What is a mineral?
They are naturally occurring inorganic nutrients (do not contain carbon).
61
Name a function of Vitamin A and where it can be found.
Resistance to disease
Found in cheese
62
Name a function of Calcium and where it can be found.
Formation of teeth and bones
Found in milk
63
Name a function of Vitamin C and where it can be found.
Heals wounds and rebuilds tissue
Found in citrus fruit
64
Name a function of Iodine and where it can be found.
Makes thyroxine in the thyroid gland
Seafood
65
Name a function of Vitamin D and where it can be found.
Maintains level of calcium in blood
Milk
66
Name a function of Iron and where it can be found.
Haemoglobin in blood to transport oxygen
Meat
67
Name a function of Vitamin B Complex and where it can be found.
Chemical processes in cells, like respiration
Bread
68
Name a function of Vitamin K and where it can be found.
Part of multiple enzyme systems.
Unknown
69
Name a function of Vitamin E and where it can be found.
Metabolism, part of enzyme systems
Green foods
70
What is digestion?
The process where large insoluble nutrients molecules are broken down into small soluble molecules which can then be absorbed into the blood.
71
Name the three types of digestive system.
Monogastric, Ruminant, Hindgut Fermenter
72
What is the order of the organs involved in the digestive system?
1. Oral Cavity
2. Epiglottis
3. Oesophagus
4. Stomach
5. Liver and Gall Bladder
6. Pancreas
7. Small Intestine
8. Colon
9. Caecum
10. Rectum
11. Anus
73
What are the four types of teeth?
Premolars (chew), Molars (grind), Incisors (cut), Canines (stab)
74
What is a diastema?
A toothless gap on the jaw bone due to absence of canine. Food can be temporarily stored. Seen in horses and rabbits.
75
Describe mechanical digestion.
Food is broken down by the grinding motion of the teeth.
76
Describe chemical digestion.
Broken down food is mixed with saliva produced by the salivary glands. Saliva contains amylase which breaks down carbohydrates
77
What is peristalsis?
Contraction like motions of the muscles to aid food through the digestive system.
78
The tongue shapes food into what?
A bolus.
79
What acids and digestive juices are found within the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin.
80
What does pepsin do? What is this called?
Break down the protein.
Chemical breakdown.
81
What is chyme?
A pre-digested acidified mass of food that passes from the stomach into the small intestine.
82
What is the function of the liver?
Produces bile
83
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Stores bile
84
What is the function of the pancreas?
Produces amylase
Produces juices containing bicarbonate soda to neutralise stomach acids
85
What are the three stages of the small intestine in order?
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
86
What happens in the duodenum of the small intestine?
Enzyme breakdown of food takes place.
87
What happens in the jejunum of the small intestine?
Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream via villi.
88
What happens in the ileum of the small intestine?
Absorption of lipids and vitamins.
89
What is the function of the colon?
Contains bacteria to aid digestion. Absorption of water, salt, remaining food particles, potassium, and Vitamin K.
90
What is the function of the caecum?
This is enlarged in herbivores and is found at the start of the colon. Bacteria helps to break down cellulose.
91
What is stored in the rectum?
Undigested waste food.
92
What is a ruminant?
A hoofed animal with four stomach chambers. They regurgitate their food and chew it (e.g. cows, sheep)
93
Explain the process of digestion in a ruminant digestive system.
1. Chewing breaks up grass
2. Saliva softens food. It also contains sodium bicarbonate which neutralises fatty acids produced in the rumen.
3. While chewing, animal tilts head back to form a bolus.
4. Bolus travels down the oesophagus via peristalsis into the stomach.
94
What is antiperistalis?
The stomach sends the bolus back up for the mouth to chew it up more, also known as chewing the cud.
95
What are the four stomach chambers of a ruminant in order?
1. Rumen
2. Reticulum
3. Omasum
4. Abomasum
96
What are the functions of the rumen?
Stores food that will be regurgitated.
Fibre is broken down by bacteria and protozoa.
Creates methane gas to ferment the food.
Food is turned into VFAs.
97
What does VFA stand for?
Volatile Fatty Acid
98
What are the functions of the reticulum?
Mechanical digestion and microbial fermentation occur to breakdown food particles for absorption.
Only small particles move to the third stomach.
99
What are the functions of the omasum?
Absorption of water, minerals and any remaining nutrients or VFA.
Filters large particles back to the reticulum and allows smaller particles to pass to the abomasum.
100
What are the functions of the abomasum?
Protein digestion takes place here.
Cells in the abomasum will secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsin enzymes, which break down protein.
These proteins, along with any microbes, are broken down into peptides before exit.
101
What are the functions of the abomasum?
Protein digestion takes place here.
Cells in the abomasum will secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsin enzymes, which break down protein.
These proteins, along with any microbes, are broken down into peptides before exit.
102
What is the small intestine the main site of?
Nutrient Absorption
103
What is a hindgut fermenter?
Seen in monogastric herbivores. Fibre is digested in the caecum with the aid of symbiotic bacteria. Some herbivores utilise coprophagia if all fibre cannot be digested.
104
What does GE stand for? What does it mean?
Gross Energy
The amount of energy available in food (measured in joules)
105
What does DE stand for? What does it mean?
Digestible Energy
The energy content of the digested nutrients. It is calculated by subtracting faeces energy from gross energy.
106
What does ME stand for? What does it mean?
Metabolic Energy
What remains after the subtraction of energy lost from urine and combustible gases
107
What does NE stand for? What does it mean?
Net Energy
The energy available to an animal for useful purposes such as growth. This is calculated by deducting the heat increment of a food from its metabolic energy.
