FEEDING Flashcards

1
Q

Why is feeding so important?

A
  • the transition from ectothermy to endothermy has meant that energy requirements are much higher
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Feeding begins in the (a) and mammals chew to create a food (b) which is swallowed.

A

a) mouth

b) bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Edentate means what? give examples of species that come under this?

This was likely to be an example of ___ evolution.

A

Without teeth

  • includes xenartha (armadillos)
    pholidota (pangolin)
  • convergent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What were the original triassic mammals like?

A

small and insectivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is the zygomatic arch? What is it composed of?

A

junction of squamosal and fugal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is angular process? Attachment for what muscle?

A

lower jaw, bottom right

  • masseter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the coronoid process? Interlocks with?

A

Top right of lower jaw

- locks into the zygomatic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the two fossae

A

Temporal fossa on upper half of skull, attachment point

Massteric fossa, attachment point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The temporalis muscle originates at the (a) fossa and inserts into the (b) process. What is its function?

A

a) temporal
b) coronoid
- to pull the mandible upward and backward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The masseter muscle originates at the __ (a) ___ and inserts at both the (b) fossa and the (c) process. What is its function?

A

a) zygomatic arch
b) masseteric
c) angular
- to pull the mandible sideways and forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pterygoideus muscle originates at the (a) plates and inserts into what? (b)

c) Also what function does it have? Same as?

A

a) pterygoid
b) medial angular process
c) - mandible upwards and forwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is the digastric muscle so weak?

A

because it functions to pull the jaw downwards but gravity does most of that work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Function of teeth

a) incisors
b) canines
c) premolars
d) molars

A

a) nipping and biting
b) crushing and grasping
c) slicing and shearing
d) grind, crush, chew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why are occlusal surfaces important?

A

interlocking and interdigitation of teeth to maximise efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Distinguish between non-mammalian and mammalian teeth repair/ replacement? Why is this important?

A
  • non-mammals can simply replace teeth by creating them between digits/ teeth
  • mammal species will erupt new teeth beneath the original ones in order to maintain occlusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is anisognathy?

A

the lower jaw is narrower and chewing is done on one size to improve occlusion

17
Q

What qualities of a carnivore skull allow a larger temporalis muscle than masseter?

What does this allow carnivores to do?

A
  • wide zygomatic arch
  • large temporal fossa
  • large coronoid process
  • small angular process
  • large occpital region

-put greater emphasis on closing and biting DOWNWARDS

18
Q

Carnivores have a jaw joint that is (a) with the teeth line to allow the teeth to function like (b). Condyle of mandible allows the jaw to function like a (c).

A

a) level
b) scissors
c) hinge

19
Q

In herbivores the jaw joint is (a) from the tooth row, and is set much (b). This allows what?

A

a) offset
b) higher
c) teeth to come into contact simultaneously in order to allow grinding

20
Q

What qualities of a herbivore skull allow a large masseter muscle?

A
  • narrow zygomatic arch
  • large angular process
  • small coronoid process
  • small occipital region
  • small temporal fossa
21
Q

What is a diastema?

A

where canines have been lost allowing cropping at front and grinding at rear

22
Q

The monotremata are an infraclass of the _(a)_theria.

23
Q

a) What is a cloaca?

b) what kind of posture to the monotremata have?

A

a) one orifice where the eggs, urine and faeces all exit through
b) sprawling

24
Q

What do monotremata have instead of teeth as adults?

What does this mean for their skull?

A
  • horny barbs or plates

- limited area for muscle attachment and weak jaw muscles

25
How are leathery beaks used to detect prey?
electromagnetic signals
26
The marsupials belong to the subclass __ and are also known as the __
theria metatheria
27
What is interesting about the Marsupial post canines?What function do they have?
they are all the same size - shearing function
28
Key differences in dental formula between metatheria and eutheria (ancestral forms)
- reduction in number of incisors - more premolars - 1 less molar
29
When did Marsupials thrive?
tertiary
30
Australidelphia is a good example of an ancestral _(a)_ and its angular process is _(b)_ and points _(c)_
marsupial b) inflicted c) inwards
31
The infraclass Eutipolyphyla feed on _(a)_ using mainly incisors which are specialised to pierce _(b)_.
a) invertebrates | b) chitin
32
How are the class Xenartha (anteaters) adapted for eating ants?
- huge reduction or loss of teeth - little muscle attachment - big salivary glands - ripping forelimbs
33
How are fruit eaters such as _(a)_ adapted for eating?
have sharp anterior teeth for piercing fruit - rounded palate - CHIROPTERA (bats)
34
Cetaceans are adapted in what sense?
baleen or increased teeth number for fish traps
35
What characteristics change in the transition from carnivore to omnivore?
- reduced sagital crest | - elongated post canine teeth
36
How have herbivores overcome teeth decay?
have very high crowned teeth
37
What is a carnivore gut like?
- short caecum - short intestine - short colon
38
Distinguish between ruminants and non-ruminants in herbivores
RUMINANTS - are foregut fermenters, 4 chambered stomach NON-RUMINANTS - simple stomach but large ceacum