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Equine biology > Feeding > Flashcards

Feeding Flashcards

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1
Q

what do horses eat?

A
  • hay-grassoralfalfa
  • pasture
  • concentrate-pellets, sweet feed or extruded kibbles
  • beet pulp, COB, soy hulls and/or cubes
  • mineral and performance suplements
  • biologicals, pre-biotics, pro-biotics
  • water
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2
Q

principle of the first limiting nutrient

A
  • Justus von Liebig’s Law of the Minimums states that yield is proportional to the amount of most limiting nutrient
  • performance and health of horse reduced to level of most limited nutrient
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3
Q

6 essential nutrients

A
  • protein
  • carbs, including sugars starches, and cellulose
  • fat
  • macro minerals/trace minerals
  • vitamins, fat or water soluble
  • water
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4
Q

who determines how much to feed?

A

NRC or national research council

  • they determine nutrient requirements through mathematical calculations
  • requirements are based on size, age, and metabolic state of the horse, and the body weight of the individual
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5
Q

do you need complicated ration balancing to feed horses

A
  • horses are fed weights of feed, not percentages or volumes

- it is not always necessary to fine tune the rations so long as you know the feed weights and animal’s intake

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6
Q

body weight calculation

A
  • scales are not always easily accessible
  • weight tape are easier to get and quite accurate
  • calculation in inches: distance from point of shoulder to point of rump * heartgirthsquared/300+50 is weight in pounds
  • can also use google for more options
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7
Q

other factors to consider for adjusting feed weight

A
  • lactating or pregnant horses have greater metabolic need and thus more nutrients
  • more nutrients needed if undergoing heavy training or moderate work loads
  • also young horses with heavy training need more feed
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8
Q

How does environment affect nutritional needs

A
  • horses that are housed have lower energy requirements than those out all the time
  • blanketing can reduce energy requirements in cold weather
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9
Q

common factors for successful feeding for horses

A
  • forage quality and access
  • frequency of feeding
  • other health issues like teeth, parasites
  • social order and environment without fear
  • access to water
  • housing and climate
  • age
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10
Q

Winter Management liabilities

A
  • over/under estimating intake and digestibility
  • under estimating impact of weather
  • under estimating water access and intake
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11
Q

forage quality and horses during winter

A

-being non-ruminants forage quality must be high especially during winter to ensure proper nutrient absorption

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12
Q

horses and importance of hay

A
  • most have forage as 80% of dry matter intake daily

- non-ruminants so digestion of hay is more difficult, high quality is a must

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13
Q

forage sampling hay

A
  • sample must represent what’s being given
  • core sample taken from middle of hay
  • sampling should be random, and enough to cover the entire feed, ie. 20 samples per ‘lot’
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14
Q

wet chemistry

A
  • chemicals in a lab are used to analyse the sample for its component nutrients
  • drawbacks: time consuming and expensive
  • adv: accurate for trace minerals
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15
Q

NIRS

A

near infrared relectance spectroscopy

  • reliable method
  • uses infrared light and computer calibrations with math modeling rather than chemicals to identify and predict amount of nutrients
  • very accurate, fast, clean, and environmentally friendly
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16
Q

grass hay can be deceiving

A
  • colour, texture, and cut are not good parameters for determining it as good feed
  • errors in judgment can have negative impacts for horses
17
Q

what factors make hay variable?

A
  • genetics
  • growing conditions ie fertilizers and water
  • harvest conditions, time of day and weather
  • maturity
  • health/vigour of the stand
  • sampling procedure
18
Q

maturity stage:

A

-hay quality declines rapidly with age
-protein and minirals decrease as fiber increases
best harvesting time is just before heading and buds come in, at the middle of maturation

19
Q

reading lab reports for feed

A

dry matter or As Fed?

  • crude protein
  • acid detergent fibre (ADF)
  • neutral detergent fibre (NDF)
  • ethanol soluble carbs (ESC)
  • water soluble carbs (WSC)
  • starch
  • non-structural carbs (NSC)
  • digestible energy (DE) Mcal/kg or lb
20
Q

what is ESC?

A

ethanol soluble carbs: very simple sugars rapidly digested in stomach of the horse

21
Q

what is WSC?

A

water soluble carbs: slightly more complex sugars that may be digested in stomach or cecum

22
Q

differences between ESC, WSC, and NSC

A
  • ESC plus fructan=WSC
  • WSC plus Starch=NSC
  • NSC= Non-structural carbs
23
Q

NSC

A
  • non-structural carbs
  • a calculated measurement of all the carb sources that may be digested rapidly to glucose in the stomach or fermented in the cecum
  • NSC is the parameter to consider when choosing hay for metabolically challenged horses
24
Q

large meals of high NSC feeds

A
  • simple carbs and/or excessive fructans cause rapid pH drop in hindgut
  • too much rapidly fermenting sugar in cecum can lead to colic, laminitis, diarrhea, and/or gas colic
  • feed small meals often!
25
Q

how to make the best of the wrong hay?

A
  • dilute with other hay
  • dilute with other fibre sources: cubes or soy hulls
  • modifications such as soaking
  • small meals fed often is safest
  • include a supplement in your balanced diet
26
Q

does good quality forage supply enough vitamins and minerals?

A

sometimes, but not always

  • fresh forage is a good source of vitamins, esp fat soluble ones; though stored forage lose them rapidly
  • water soluble vitamins like B group are largely manufactured in hind gut but stress disrupts this
27
Q

what determines mineral content of hay?

A

-trace and macro minerals content in hay is usually dependent on SOILS forage was grown in

28
Q

manufactured feeds

A
  • excellent was to supplement horse’s vitamin and mineral intake
  • when feed at sufficiently high levels supplemental minerals not necessary
29
Q

feeding fat

A
  • good way to increase caloric intake
  • horses DO NOT HAVE GALLBLADDERS but do have BILE DUCTS in small intestine for efficient fat digestion
  • ‘small meals often’ is important for successful feeding fat
30
Q

water and horses

A
  • must be easily accessible, clean, and palatable
  • horses do not always drink when dehydrated…but dehydration can lead to impaction colic and death
  • horses will reduce water intake in cold weather, with increased risk of colic

Equine biology (16 decks)

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