Feed Additives

Question 1

Not all feed additives are antibiotics. There are a variety of items added to feeds for purposes
other than control of bacterial populations. Name three other types of feed additives
(Any of the 8 answers listed will work)

Answer 1

Enzymes
Thyroid-Active Hormones
Buffers
Clays
Pellet Binders
Activated Carbon
Antioxidants
β-Agonists

Question 2

What federal agency has responsibility for assuring efficacy of drugs and societal safety related 
to drugs (the acronym for the agency is satisfactory)?

Answer 2

FDA

Question 3

The term feed additives is generally defined as the various non-nutritive substances added to a diet or ration for the purpose of:

Answer 3

1. ) Stimulate growth or other types of performance
2. ) Improvement of feed utilization or feed efficiency
3. ) Improving the health of the animal

Question 4

Generally speaking, feed additives are included at very _____ levels.

Answer 4

Low

Question 5

Feed additives have been used routinely in the U.S. and other countries from the ______ (time frame)

Answer 5

1950’s to the Present

Question 6

Some feed additives have demonstrated benefit but have not been used commercially because of such factors as… (3)

Answer 6

• Cost $$
• Toxicity concern XX
• Tissue residues

Question 7

Generally speaking, most feed additives produce their response in…

Answer 7

Young, rapidly growing animals

Question 8

There is seldom benefit to feed additives for mature animals. What are the 2 exceptions?

Answer 8

Buffers and Thyroprotein compounds

Question 9

The most common non-nutritive additives are:

Answer 9

1. ) Antibacterial agents
   
   • Antibiotics
   • Sulfa drugs
2. ) Hormones and their derivatives

Question 10

A compound synthesized by a living organism that inhibits the growth of another organism.

Answer 10

Antibiotic

Question 11

Rank the following by amount of antibiotic needed in the diet to accomplish the effect (1= least
amount needed, 3=greatest level needed).

• Disease prevention levels
• Therapeutic levels
• General performance improvement

Answer 11

1. ) General performance improvement
2. ) Disease prevention levels
3. ) Therapeutic levels

Question 12

/ Level needed for General Performance Enhancement

Answer 12

Low levels of 5-50 g/ton feed

Question 13

/ Level needed for Disease Prevention Levels

Answer 13

50-200 g/ton feed is a relatively routine level.

Question 14

/ Level needed for Therapeutic Levels

Answer 14

200-500 g/ton; aimed at control of respiratory diseases, diarrhea, particularly useful for short-term treatment of the entire group of animals.

Question 15

Animals responding to antibiotic feeding… (3)

Answer 15

• Consume more feed than controls,
• Gain weight faster
• And thus less feed is necessary per unit of gain

Question 16

Increased feed efficiency may not necessarily be due to better utilization but merely due to…

Answer 16

Greater intake

Question 17

Fewer unthrifty animals — more uniform growth rates.

Answer 17

Reduced morbidity

Question 18

Fewer death losses.

Answer 18

Reduced mortality

Question 19

High level feeding of antibiotics to lactating dairy cows is ________ as there may be carryover into the milk.

Answer 19

-Prohibited by law

Question 20

Feedlot cattle receive antibiotic benefits about half of the time. What are the benefits for them (2)?

Answer 20

• Antibiotics most benefit to alleviate stress conditions such as shipping fever in young, stressed calves arriving to feedlot
• Reduces the incidence of liver abscesses on high grain rations for feedlot cattle.

Question 21

What can antibiotics due for Finishing Lambs?

Answer 21

• Reduce the incidence of:
  
  • diarrhea
  • urinary calculi
  • death
  • enterotoxemia (due to clostridium perfringens)
  • off-feed syndrome

Question 22

What can antibiotics due for Feedlot Lambs?

Answer 22

At times can expect 8-12% increase in ADG and improved feed/gain of 5-10%

Question 23

What has been suggested in which the drug affects various enzyme systems such as oxidative phosphorylation reactions? (On the topic of the use of antibiotics)

Answer 23

Metabolic Effect

Question 24

Certain intestinal organisms synthesize vitamins and amino acids that are essential to animals and that other bacteria require and compete with the host animal for these dietary essential nutrients. (Effect)

Answer 24

Nutrient Sparing Effect

Question 25

Antibiotic feeding certainly alters the microbial composition of the gastrointestinal tract. Thus the antibiotic may (3)…

Answer 25

1. ) Stimulate microorganisms in the GIT which favor synthesis of a critical nutrient(s)
2. ) Suppress organisms which compete with the host for nutrient needs
3. ) Improve nutrient absorption resulting from thinner, healthier intestinal walls for the antibiotic fed animals.

Question 26

Numerous experiments support the conclusion that the major benefits from the feeding of antibiotics results from suppression or control of subclinical or non-specific diseases. Based on the evidence that antibiotics produce little response when fed to healthy animals raised in clean surroundings, whereas the response may be very good when animals are grown in less ideal areas.

Answer 26

Disease

Question 27

The 3 “Modes of Action” of Antibiotics

Answer 27

1. ) Metabolic Effect
2. ) Nutrient Sparing Effect
3. ) Disease

Question 28

Name some other additives (7)

Answer 28

1. ) Activated carbon
2. ) Bentonite
3. ) Bloat control compounds
4. ) Buffers
5. ) Enzymes
6. ) Methane Inhibitors
7. ) Beta-agonists

Question 29

Name the five dietary manipulations to alter the response of animals to mycotoxins (VAALUD)

Answer 29

Vitamin supplementation increased
Added fat
A fiber 
Like dehydrated alfalfa meal
Use of clays or binder 
Dietary protein content increased

Question 30

Name the six primary types of mycotoxins encountered in the U.S. that were listed in
class. (FATVOZ)

Answer 30

Fumonison
Aflatoxin
T-2 toxin
Vomitoxin
Ochratoxin
Zearalenone