Federalism Flashcards
What is the dual federalism (layer cake) model?
Pre-1930s, vast majority of issues are handled separately by either federal or state government as defined in the Constitution
What is the co-operative federalism (marbled cake) model?
1930s onwards, federal government works with states on many issues leading to its increasing power, SCOTUS rulings important to define limits
Give some criticisms of US federalism
States may persevere with policies seen as unacceptable across country (death penalty, same-sex marriage, abortion)
Risks inequality between states
Responsibility is blurred and can be shifted to other levels by politicians
The federal executive can struggle to have meaningful impact (Bush in education, Obama in healthcare, Biden with mask mandates)
Tension between state and federal government is inefficient and gives too much power to SCOTUS
Can lead to pork barrel politics where representatives solely seek to increase funding to their state without raising taxes
Federalism gives too many access points for pressure groups to exert influence
Give some advantages of US federalism
Prevents tyranny of the majority over smaller states
Offers economic and political benefits of national unity while maintaining regional diversity
Allows for greater contact between people and representatives
State decisions can reflect specific state needs
Policy laboratory (e.g. Colorado and Washington legalising marijuana in 2013)
Can be flexible (e.g. post 9/11 centralisation of security measures)
