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history - russia > feburary/march revolution 1917 > Flashcards

feburary/march revolution 1917 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Leon Trotsky?

A

Lev Davodovich Bronstein, known as Leon Trotsky, was a key figure in the Russian Revolution and a prominent Marxist theorist.

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2
Q

When was Leon Trotsky exiled to Siberia?

A

Trotsky was exiled to Siberia in 1898 for his involvement in radical groups.

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3
Q

How did Trotsky escape from Siberia?

A

He escaped in 1902 using a passport in the name of a prison guard.

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4
Q

What significant event did Trotsky participate in 1905?

A

He returned to Russia to found the St Petersburg Soviet.

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5
Q

What happened to Trotsky in 1907?

A

After 15 months in prison, he escaped in 1907 and traveled abroad.

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6
Q

Where was Trotsky in 1917?

A

He was in the USA at the time of the first revolution.

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7
Q

What role did Trotsky play in the Bolshevik Revolution?

A

He returned to Russia in May 1917, became a Bolshevik, chaired the Petrograd Soviet, and organized the Military Revolutionary Committee for the Bolshevik takeover in October.

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8
Q

What position did Trotsky hold after the revolution?

A

He became the Commissar for Foreign Affairs.

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9
Q

What happened to Trotsky in 1929?

A

He was expelled from the Communist Party by Stalin.

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10
Q

When and how did Trotsky die?

A

He was murdered by a Stalinist agent in Mexico in 1940.

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11
Q

When did the first National Woman’s Day take place in the USA?

A

The first National Woman’s Day took place in the USA in 1909.

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12
Q

When did Russian women observe their first International Women’s Day?

A

Russian women observed their first International Women’s Day on the last Sunday in February 1913.

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13
Q

Who led the Russian women during their first International Women’s Day?

A

Aleksandra Kollontai led the Russian women during their first International Women’s Day.

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14
Q

What is La Marseillaise?

A

La Marseillaise is the French National Anthem, derived from the singing of the soldiers from Marseilles as they went to war on behalf of revolutionary France.

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15
Q

What does singing La Marseillaise signify?

A

To sing La Marseillaise is to show support for the ideals of the French Revolution - Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

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16
Q

Who are the Cossacks?

A

Cossacks are people of Ukraine and southern Russia, noted for their horsemanship and military skill, who formed military units and were fiercely loyal to the Tsar.

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17
Q

What was the situation in Petrograd by the winter of 1917?

A

By the winter of 1917, the streets of Petrograd were tense with the pent-up frustrations of the unemployed, the starving, and the desperate.

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18
Q

What happened on Monday, 14 February 1917?

A

On Monday, 14 February 1917, c100,000 workers from 58 different factories were on strike in Petrograd.

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19
Q

What triggered long queues and violent exchanges on 22 February 1917?

A

News that bread would be rationed from 1 March brought long queues and violent exchanges on 22 February 1917.

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20
Q

What occurred on 23 February 1917?

A

On 23 February 1917, 90,000 workers were on strike and joined the traditional march of women for International Women’s Day, leading to chaos in the city.

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21
Q

What was the scale of the strike on 24 February 1917?

A

On 24 February 1917, 200,000 workers were on strike, and crowds overturned Tsarist statues and shouted revolutionary slogans.

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22
Q

What happened on 25 February 1917?

A

On 25 February 1917, 250,000 people were on strike, leading to a virtual standstill in Petrograd with almost all major factories and shops closed.

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23
Q

What occurred on 26 February 1917?

A

On 26 February 1917, violence escalated as Shalfeev, in charge of the mounted police, was attacked, and some Cossacks refused to attack a procession of strikers.

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24
Q

What did Rodzianko, the Duma President, do on 26 February 1917?

A

Rodzianko sent the Tsar a telegram warning him of the serious situation in Petrograd.

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25
Q

How did Tsar Nicholas respond to the warning from Rodzianko?

A

Nicholas ignored the warning and ordered the Duma to dissolve the next day.

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26
Q

What event occurred on Monday, 27 February?

A

The Tsar ordered Major-General Khabalov to restore order by military force, resulting in the deaths of around 40 demonstrators in the city centre.

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27
Q

What significant action did soldiers take during the protests?

A

A mutiny began in the Volynskii regiment, leading to 66,000 soldiers mutinying and joining the protestors, arming them with 40,000 rifles.

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28
Q

What did the Duma do despite the Tsar’s orders?

A

The Duma held a meeting and set up a 12-man Provisional Committee to take over the government.

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29
Q

What change did the army’s High Command make regarding their orders?

A

They changed their minds and ordered troops to halt and support the Duma Committee instead of marching to restore stability.

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30
Q

What did revolutionaries establish in the evening of the protests?

A

Revolutionaries set up a Soviet to take over the government and began organizing food supplies for the city.

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31
Q

What did Nicholas II attempt to do during the unrest?

A

He sent a telegram to Rodzianko offering to share power with the Duma, but was told that his proposals were too late.

32
Q

Who was Aleksandra Kollontai?

A

Aleksandra Kollontai (1872-1952) came from an aristocratic background, studied Marx, participated in the Bloody Sunday march in 1905, and joined the Bolsheviks in 1914.

33
Q

What happened to Kollontai after her return from exile?

A

She was arrested after the July Days.

34
Q

What was the background of many mutineers during the protests?

A

Many were of peasant or worker background, young and newly enlisted, and had joined the Petrograd garrison to avoid being sent to the front line.

35
Q

What was the leadership situation during the disturbances in Petrograd?

A

The disturbances appeared spontaneous and leaderless, with major Bolshevik leaders absent at the time.

36
Q

Who was planning a coup against the Tsar in February 1917?

A

A liberal group including Pavel Milyukov, Aleksandr Guchkov, Aleksandr Konovalov, and Mikhail Tereshchenko was planning a coup.

37
Q

What did James White’s research suggest about revolutionary activists in February 1917?

A

His research suggested that there were small bands of revolutionary activists at work, although their role in instigating troubles is unclear.

38
Q

What was the Petrograd Soviet?

A

The Petrograd Soviet was set up by revolutionary leaders in the capital on 27 February and played a major role in events.

39
Q

What did the Petrograd Soviet agree to under pressure from soldiers?

A

The Petrograd Soviet agreed that each regiment should elect committees and send representatives to the Soviet.

40
Q

What was ‘Order No. 1’?

A

‘Order No. 1’ was a charter of soldiers’ rights produced on 1 March, promising several rights to soldiers.

41
Q

What were some key promises of ‘Order No. 1’?

A
  1. All units to elect a deputy to the Soviet.
  2. The Military Commission of the Duma to be obeyed only if it agreed with the Soviet’s orders.
  3. All weapons to be controlled by elected soldiers’ committees.
  4. All soldiers to enjoy full citizens’ rights when off duty.
  5. No honorific titles to be used for officers.
  6. Officers were not to address soldiers in the ‘ty form.
42
Q

What was the official title of the Petrograd Soviet?

A

The official title was ‘Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies’.

43
Q

How many members did the Petrograd Soviet have by 10 March?

A

By 10 March, the Petrograd Soviet had 3000 members.

44
Q

Who dominated the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet?

A

The executive committee was dominated by socialist intellectuals, including Aleksandr Kerensky.

45
Q

What happened to Tsar Nicholas II during the revolution?

A

Nicholas II’s train was diverted by rebellious railway workers, forcing him to stop at Pskov.

46
Q

What did General Alexeev suggest to Tsar Nicholas II?

A

General Alexeev suggested that Nicholas should resign in favor of his son, Aleksei, with his brother Mikhail acting as regent.

47
Q

What was the outcome of Nicholas II’s abdication on 2 March?

A

Nicholas agreed to abdicate, naming Grand Duke Mikhail as the new Tsar, although Mikhail refused the throne.

48
Q

What happened to the Tsar and his family after the abdication?

A

The Tsar and his family were placed under house arrest, ending 304 years of the Romanov dynasty.

49
Q

What are Soviets?

A

Soviets were councils that appeared in Russia during the revolution of 1905 and were not originally a political term.

50
Q

Which Soviet was the most important after the February/March 1917 revolution?

A

The Petrograd Soviet, often known simply as ‘The Soviet’, was the most important.

51
Q

What is the Kronstadt naval base?

A

The Kronstadt naval base was the headquarters of the Russian Baltic Fleet, located 19 miles west of Petrograd.

52
Q

What is a constitution?

A

The set of laws by which a country is governed.

53
Q

What was the situation in Poland, Ukraine, and the Caucasus during the revolution?

A

National minorities declared their independence, leading to semi-independent bodies and soldiers’ soviets without clear leadership and coordination.

54
Q

What was the All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

A

A meeting that took place in Petrograd in June 1917, with representatives from 350 towns, villages, and military bases throughout Russia.

55
Q

What was the Dual Authority?

A

The Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet governing Russia together.

56
Q

Who led the Provisional Government?

A

Prince Lvov, a wealthy aristocrat and zemstvo leader.

57
Q

What was the original intention of the Provisional Government?

A

To be temporary and hold elections for a new Constituent Assembly to draw up a new constitution for Russia.

58
Q

How was the Provisional Government accepted as legitimate?

A

Thanks to Grand Duke Mikhail’s blessing, it was accepted by the Old tsarist civil service, army officers, and the police.

59
Q

Where did the Provisional Government set up its rule?

A

In the Duma chamber in the right wing of the Tauride Palace in Petrograd.

60
Q

How did the mass of workers, soldiers, and peasants view the Provisional Government?

A

They regarded it as a self-appointed committee of the wealthy, tainted by previous associations with tsardom.

61
Q

What was the Petrograd Soviet?

A

A more democratic organization established in the left wing of the Tauride Palace, primarily composed of radical socialist intellectuals, Mensheviks, and Social Revolutionaries.

62
Q

What was the composition of the Petrograd Soviet’s executive committee?

A

Only seven of the first 42 committee members were workers.

63
Q

What agreement was reached between the Provisional Government and the Soviet?

A

An agreement to work together, laying the foundations for the period of ‘Dual Authority’ or dvoevlastie.

64
Q

What promises did the Provisional Government make to the Soviet?

A

Civil liberties, a general amnesty for political prisoners, freedom to organize trade unions and to strike, abolition of legal disabilities based on class, religion, and nationality, and the election of a Constituent Assembly.

65
Q

What was the Provisional Government’s stance on the power of the state in April?

A

The power of the state should be based on the consent of free citizens, not on violence and coercion.

66
Q

What freedoms did the Provisional Government grant?

A

The Provisional Government gave freedom of religion and the press, abolished the death penalty at the front, replaced the tsarist police force with a ‘people’s militia’, and dismissed Provincial Governors, giving their work to the elected zemstva.

67
Q

What was the Soviet’s ‘Order No. 1’?

A

‘Order No. 1’ stated that soldiers and workers should obey the Provisional Government only when the Soviet agreed with its decisions.

68
Q

What was the Provisional Government’s stance on the war?

A

The Provisional Government believed that the change of regime should lead to an all-out effort to win the war.

69
Q

What was the Soviet’s view on the war?

A

The Soviet believed that the war should be ended as quickly as possible without annexation of territory by the Germans as the price of peace.

70
Q

What did Milyukov announce in April 1917?

A

Milyukov announced that the government would continue fighting until a ‘just peace’ had been won.

71
Q

Who replaced Lvov as Chairman of the Provisional Government?

A

Kerensky replaced Lvov as Chairman (effectively Prime Minister) in July 1917.

72
Q

What dilemma did the Provisional Government face regarding the war?

A

The Provisional Government faced the dilemma of an unpopular war while feeling bound by their alliance with Britain and France.

73
Q

Why were elections for a Constituent Assembly postponed?

A

Elections were postponed because the Provisional Government feared the SRs would win the support of peasants and the Bolsheviks would attract workers’ votes.

74
Q

What was the main task of the Soviet leadership?

A

The Soviet leadership believed their main task was to protect the rights of workers and peasants as the ‘bourgeois revolution’ proceeded.

75
Q

What led to the collapse of the autocracy in February 1917?

A

The autocracy collapsed due to a largely spontaneous breakdown of order in Petrograd and a mutiny in the Tsar’s garrisons.

76
Q

What two bodies claimed authority after the Tsar’s abdication?

A

The Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet claimed authority after the Tsar’s abdication.

77
Q

What was the result of the uneasy conjunction between the Provisional Government and left-wing forces?

A

The uneasy conjunction made it virtually impossible for anything to get done.

history - russia (2 decks)

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