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Topic 3 - Comparing & Contrasting Texts > Features of Spoken Language > Flashcards

Features of Spoken Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Utterance? (Syntax)

A
  • Unit of speech, amount one speaker speaks at once
  • E.g. Speaker A says: Hi. Speaker B replies: Hello. (two 1 word utterances)
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2
Q

Define Turn-Taking.

A
  • The process of taking turns in a conversation, where only one speaker speaks at a time.
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3
Q

What are Contractions? (Lexis)

A
  • Shortening or running together of words.
  • Apostrophe replaces missing letters
  • E.g. won’t instead of will not
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4
Q

What are Deixis/Deictic Language? (Lexis)

A
  • Term for ‘pointing’ words that rely on context to give meaning
  • E.g. This one here
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5
Q

What are Elisions? (Lexis)

A
  • Omission of sounds or syllables
  • Typically not used in writing
  • E.g. Gonna, Wanna
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6
Q

What is an Ellipsis? (Lexis)

A
  • Missing out words to create an incomplete construction
  • E.g. Want to go to the Cafe?
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7
Q

What are Fillers? (Lexis)

A
  • Sounds or Words spoken to fill gaps in an utterance
  • E.g. er, urm
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8
Q

What is Hedging? (Lexis)

A
  • Word or phrase which softens the force with which something is said
  • E.g. I hope you don’t mind me saying
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9
Q

What is Phatic Language? (Lexis)

A
  • Utterances which have a purely social function
  • Speech which is really just designed to maintain social relationships + doesn’t carry significant meaning
  • Often used to start a conversation
  • Example: ‘hi there (.) how are you?’
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10
Q

What is Repetition? (Lexis)

A
  • Repeating a word/phrase
  • Sometimes accidental, not always for emphasis
  • E.g. What, What
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11
Q

What is Vague Language? (Lexis)

A
  • Words without precise meaning
  • E.g. Whatever, sort of, like
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12
Q

What is Colloquial Language? (Lexis)

A
  • Informal, everyday language
  • E.g. Cool, wicked
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13
Q

What are Dialects? (Lexis and Grammar)

A
  • Specific words and uses of grammar associated with a specific region
  • Characterised by variations in grammar, syntax, pronunciation or vocabulary
  • E.g. Mardy
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14
Q

What is Taboo Language? (Lexis)

A
  • Language considered forbidden/inappropriate in certain social situations
  • E.g. swear words
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15
Q

What are Paralinguistic Features? (Lexis)

A
  • Non-verbal communication- gestures, posture, facial expressions
  • E.g. Speaker frowns, points at something
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16
Q

What are Prosodic Features? (Lexis)

A
  • Way a speaker communicates through tone, pace, stress, volume
  • E.g. speaking loudly/emphatically

Main Prosodic features are:
- Intonation- rising and falling
- Rhythm- depends on stresses: WHAT did you say? What did YOU say?
- Pitch- louder or softer
- Pace- slower or faster

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17
Q

What is Clipping? (Lexis)

A
  • Removal of beginning/end of a word
  • E.g. ‘Going’, ‘Cause’
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18
Q

What is Back-Channeling? (Syntax)

A
  • Feedback which listener gives to speaker to show they are following what the speaker is saying
  • E.g. Uhm, oh no
19
Q

What are Discourse Markers?

A
  • Words that show a shift in topic of conversation
  • E.g. anyway, finally
20
Q

What are Non-Fluency Features?

A
  • Typical and normal characteristics of spoken language that interrupt the ‘flow’ of talk
  • E.g. hesitations, false starts, overlaps, interruptions
21
Q

What are False Starts and Repairs? (Syntax)

A
  • When speaker begins an utterance, then stops and either repeats or reformulates it (sometimes called Self-Correction)
  • E.g. How umm I mean when are you meeting him?
22
Q

What are Tag Questions? (Syntax)

A
  • String of words normally added to a Declarative Statement to turn the Statement into a question
  • E.g. It’s expensive, isn’t it?
23
Q

What is Synchronous Communication?

A
  • Live communication
  • E.g. participants talking on the phone
24
Q

What is Asynchronous Communication?

A
  • Communication that doesn’t occur live
  • E.g. VOPPs
25
Q

What is a Skip Connector?

A
  • Word/Phrase that returns conversation back to a previous topic
26
Q

What are Pragmatics?

A

The real meaning behind words

27
Q

What are preferred and Dispreferred Responses?

A
  • Preferred response- second part of adjacency pair that fits in with what speaker of first part wanted to hear
  • Dispreferred response- second part of an adjacency pair that doesn’t fit with what speaker of first part wanted to hear.
28
Q

What is Phonology?

A
  • Sounds that are created by words
  • E.g. Sibilance
29
Q

What is an Idiolect?

A

Individual way of talking

30
Q

What is a Sociolect?

A

The way you speak is affected by your social group/social class

31
Q

What is Euphemism?

A

Socially accepted phrase to talk about something taboo

32
Q

What is a Fronted Conjunction?

A
  • Conjunction that is at the beginning of a sentence
  • Grammatically incorrect
  • E.g. “But she said no”, “And I got”
33
Q

Define an Adjacency Pair.

A
  • A pair of utterances in a conversation that go together
  • Examples: greeting + replying, question + answer, e.t.c
34
Q

Define Framing.

A
  • Controlling the agenda of a conversation (its direction + subject)
  • Or making utterances that encourage a child to fill in the blanks.
35
Q

Define a Self-Related Comment.

A
  • A speaker makes a comment about himself/herself
  • Example: ‘I’m run off my feet’
36
Q

Define an Other-Related Comment.

A
  • Speaker comments about another speaker
  • Example: ‘You look like you need a drink’
37
Q

Define a Neutral Comment.

A
  • Speaker makes a comment on something neutral in the surroundings like the weather
  • Example: ‘It’s very sunny today’
38
Q

Define Openers + Closers.

A

• Opener: expressions (or discourse markers) which open a conversation (‘so, what are your holiday plans this summer?’)
• Closer: expressions (or discourse markers) which are designated to close a conversation (e.g. ‘see you later’)

39
Q

Define Agenda Setting.

A
  • Where a speaker sets up the main topic of conversation.
40
Q

Define Topic Management.

A
  • The way topics in a conversation are organised or handed from speaker to speaker.
41
Q

Define Transition Relevance Place (TRP).

A
  • The point at which one turn is ending + another turn is signalled.
42
Q

Define a Vocative.

A
  • Directly addressing someone via their name.
43
Q

Define Accent.

A
  • Way of pronouncing words that occurs among the people in a particular region
  • Variations in pronounction
  • Associated with geographical location socioeconomic background + status

Topic 3 - Comparing & Contrasting Texts (2 decks)

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