Features of science

Question 1

Empirical Evidence

Answer 1

• Definition: Science relies on observable, measurable evidence gathered through experimentation and observation.
• Example: Data collected from experiments, surveys, and field studies.

Question 2

Testability and Falsifiability

Answer 2

• Definition: Scientific hypotheses and theories must be testable and capable of being proven false.
• Importance: Allows for verification and refutation of scientific claims.
• Example: The hypothesis “All swans are white” can be tested by observing swans in different regions.

Question 3

Replicability

Answer 3

• Definition: Scientific findings should be replicable by other researchers using the same methods.
• Significance: Ensures reliability and validity of results.
• Example: A psychological study should yield the same results when repeated under similar conditions.

Question 4

Objectivity

Answer 4

• Definition: Science aims to minimize bias and subjective interpretation in research.
• Methods: Use of standardized procedures, control groups, and statistical analyses.
• Goal: To obtain results that are independent of the researcher’s personal beliefs or preferences.

Question 5

Systematic Observation and Experimentation

Answer 5

• Definition: Scientific research follows a structured approach to observe, measure, and analyze phenomena.
• Process: Formulating a hypothesis, designing experiments, collecting data, and analyzing results.
• Example: Conducting controlled experiments to test the effects of a new drug.

Question 6

Theoretical Framework

Answer 6

• Definition: Scientific research is guided by theories that explain and predict phenomena.
• Role: Theories provide a context for interpreting data and generating new hypotheses.
• Example: The theory of evolution provides a framework for understanding biological diversity.

Question 7

Peer Review

Answer 7

• Definition: The process of evaluating scientific work by experts in the same field before publication.
• Purpose: To ensure the quality, validity, and originality of research findings.
• Significance: Helps maintain high standards and integrity in scientific literature.

Question 8

Use of Mathematical Models and Statistical Analysis

Answer 8

• Definition: Science often employs mathematical models to describe relationships and predict outcomes.
• Importance: Statistical analysis helps determine the significance of findings and control for variability.
• Example: Using regression analysis to understand the relationship between stress levels and academic performance.

Question 9

Continuous Development and Revision

Answer 9

• Definition: Scientific knowledge is not static; it evolves as new evidence emerges and existing theories are tested.
• Significance: Encourages adaptability and openness to new ideas.
• Example: The transition from Newtonian physics to Einstein’s theory of relativity as new observations were made.

Question 10

Ethical Considerations

Answer 10

• Definition: Scientific research must adhere to ethical guidelines that protect participants and maintain integrity.
• Principles: Informed consent, confidentiality, and the welfare of participants.
• Example: Ethical review boards assess research proposals involving human subjects.