features and stages Flashcards
What mistakes do children make in terms of pronunciation?
1) Deletion- missing consonants at end of words
2) Substitution- substituting one sound for another
3) Addition- adding extra vowel to end of word
4) Reduplication- repeating a whole syllable
5) Consonant cluster reduction- missing out a consonant when they occur in groups
6) Deletion of unstressed syllables
What are examples of early developing sounds?
Bilabial sounds (p, b, m), alveolar sound (n)
What are examples of late developing sounds?
Fricative sounds (s, z), dental sounds (th)
What are the 5 stages of lexical development?
Protowords (9-12), holophrastic (12-18), two word (18-24), telegraphic (24-36), post telegraphic (36+)
Outline Nelson’s 50 words
Classified the first 50 words a child learns into four predictable categories: naming things, personal/social, actions/events, modifying
What 5 categories can two-word utterances be divided into?
1) Conjunction- e.g. ‘cup glass’
2) Description- e.g. ‘yellow teddy’
3) Locating- e.g. ‘coat chair’
4) Possession- e.g. ‘daddy hat’
5) Agent/object (one thing acting on another)- e.g. ‘mummy book’
What do children tend to miss out in the telegraphic stage?
Verb inflections, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, determiners
What are morphemes?
The smallest unit of a word that carries independent meaning. These can be free (stand alone as an independent word), or bound (attached to a free morpheme to add meaning to it)
Name 5 features of child-directed language
Repeated sentence frames, expansion, re-castings, repetition, largely concrete nouns and dynamic verbs
What is Bard and Sachs’ study?
Studied a boy called Jim who was the son of deaf parents. Although he was exposed to speech through TV and radio, his speech was severely underdeveloped when he reached school. Once he began regular interaction, his speech rapidly improved. Suggests social interaction is necessary for speech to develop.
What is the Suriname creole?
In 1600s, Suriname was a Dutch colony with a slave economy. Large number of enslaved people escaped into forests, most people did not have a language in common. Within one gen, they had developed a fully functioning creole.
How do the Tsimane people support the idea of nature?
Tsimane people of Bolivia rarely speak to children, unless the child speaks to them. Their children’s speech starts later than most children’s but this doesn’t seem to have an impact on their eventual language development. This is perhaps because their are carried by their mothers so experience enough overheard speech to acquire their first few words.
How do feral children support the idea of nature?
Oxana Malaya - age 3 crawled into a dog kennel to escape her abusive father, lived independently with the dogs until she was seven, later achieved full language development.
