Fear and Emotions

Question 1

Does anatomical similarity of these brains suggest that behaviors that emerge in these species are also similar?

Answer 1

Yes.

If we study very simple behaviors, like physiological responses made by individual neurons, then brain-based behaviors of invertebrates look very similar to humans, suggesting that from ancient time, such basic behaviors have been conserved in the brains of many simple animal forms and in fact are the foundation of more complex behaviors in animals that evolved later

Question 2

An example of how human neurons exhibit more intricate complexity than other animals

Answer 2

Neuronal processes (dendrites) in humans have many more branch points, branches, and spines.

Question 3

What are the 2 forces behind the evolution of cognitive refinement according to Darwin?

Answer 3

natural and sexual selection

Question 4

The average human brain weighs what?

Answer 4

1,400 grams

Question 5

What are cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 5

The brain divided down the middle lengthwise into two halves

Question 6

Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is divided into what and by what?

Answer 6

Divided into four lobes by various sulci and gyri

Question 7

What are sulci?

Answer 7

The grooves that can be seen on the surface of the brain

Question 8

What are gyri?

Answer 8

The bumps that can be seen on the surface of the brain

Question 9

Purpose of sulci and gyri?

Answer 9

Increases the amount of cerebral cortex that can fit in the skill (900,

Question 10

What are the 4 major lobes in the cotex?

Answer 10

Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe

Question 11

Where is the frontal lobe located and what is it concerned with?

Answer 11

Located in the front of the central sulcus

Concerned with aspects of speech (Broca’s area), movement (motor and premotor cortex), cognitive control of behavior, attention,
planning and control of memory (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), and emotion and motivation,
social behavior, (ventral [AKA orbitofrontal] and medial cortex)

Question 12

Where is the parietal lobe located and what is it concerned with?

Answer 12

Located behind the central sulcus

Concerned with the somatosensory
sense (touch) and includes polysensory perception processes and representation

Question 13

Where is the temporal lobe located and what is it concerned with?

Answer 13

Located on either side of the brain.

Involved in the perception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing), episodic and semantic memory (hippocampus), object and facial
recognition

Question 14

Where is the occipital lobe located and what is it concerned with?

Answer 14

Located at the back of the brain, behind the parietal lobe and temporal lobe

Concerned with many aspects of vision.

Question 15

The cortex can be divided into what areas?

Answer 15

A motor and sensory area.

Question 16

Describe the process of when a sensory input arrives in the brain

Answer 16

Sensory input arrives
via the thalamus and is processed in the primary sensory areas. This interacts with experience/memory in the parietal and temporal cortices and in emotional and motivational subcortical nuclei. Finally, behaviour is planned and organized in the prefrontal cortices, and motor output occurs.

Question 17

Who is SM and what happened to her?

Answer 17

Female patiet who has had complete bilateral amygdala destruction since late childhood as a consequence of Urbach-Wiethee disease. (calcium deposits in the amygdala)

She has no capacity to experience fear in her life

Question 18

Why must SMs identity be kept a secret?

Answer 18

People could very easily take advantage of her, wouldn’t register danger and that others are a threat

Question 19

Name all the components of the limbic system

Answer 19

Olfactory bulb
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Mammillary body
Thalamus
Cingulate cortex
Forrix

Question 20

What are the main functions of the amygdala?

Answer 20

Responsible for the perception of emotions such as anger, fear, and sadness, as well as the controlling of aggression, (emotional learning).

The amygdala helps to store memories of events and emotions so that an individual may be able to recognize similar events in the future.

Question 21

Which part of the brain does the amygdala compute to?

Answer 21

Sends projections to the hypothalamus, part of the limbic system - automatic response
Periaqueductal grey matter - behavioural response

Cereral cortex - Emotional experience

Question 22

What was SM’s reaction to her first CO2 inhalation? What was her reaction when she returned for the second CO2 inhalation test? What does this tell us about the
amygdala, fear and anxiety?

Answer 22

She had a panic attack.

She had another panic attack, she hadn’t thought about it once, no anticipation.

Felt the fear in the moment but no learning, moreover amygdala is responsible for learning when to fear and when to turn it on and off.

Question 23

What is a transorbital frontal lobotomy?

Answer 23

a method of performing prefrontal lobotomy in which the surgical knife is inserted above the eyeball and moved to cut most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain.
- cure mental illness for loss of personality and intellect

Question 24

Why were lobotomies used despite repulsion?

Answer 24

Quick cheap, benefits outweighed the costs

Question 25

What major development ended the use of lobotomy?

Answer 25

phenothiazine-based neuroleptic (anti-psychotic) drugs,(Thorazine pill), marketed as the chemical lobotomy without surgery

These had much the same effect as psychosurgery gone wrong; thus, the surgical method was quickly superseded by the chemical lobotomy.

Question 26

Under what age is brain matter fully developed?

Answer 26

28

Question 27

Why do men have more substance abuse issues?

Answer 27

Men self-medicate don’t reach out for help

Question 28

Symptoms of Urbach-Wiethe disease

Answer 28

Dermatological symptoms:
• Dry wrinkly skin, which is easily damaged
• Hoarse voice

Neurological symptoms:
• Bilateral calcification in the medial temporal lobes
• Usually the amygdala
• Usually causes epilepsy, but also can affect emotional processing