FE Automation Flashcards
Selenium Webdriver
Is an API and protocol that defines a language-neutral interface for controlling the web browsers. This is as if a real user is operating the browser.
Xpath
Is the language to query XML documents using XML path expression
Methods in Xpath
- contains() - uses partial value
- starts-with()
- text() - has to be an absolute text, not partial
Implicit wait
The driver is asked to wait for a specific amount of time for the element to be available in the DOM page
Syntax for implicit wait
driver.implicitly_wait(2)
Explicit wait
The driver is asked to wait until a certain condition is satisfied
Locators
Are addresses that identify a web element uniquely within the page
Types of basic locators
- ID
- NAME
- LINK_TEXT, PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT
- CLASS_NAME
- TAG_NAME
Types of customized locators
- CSS Selector
- Tag and ID
- Tag and Class
- Tag and attribute
- Tag, class and attribute - XPath
- Absolute XPath
- Relative XPath
What is tag name
Input, select, head, body, div…
Attributes in html
Is a piece of markup language used to adjust the behavior or display of an HTML element.
Example: name, ID, class
linkText or partialLinkText
The text from the web page and not from the html
How to find multiple elements
driver.findElements
How to return the number of elements
With len method
Example: number=driver.findElements…..
print(len(number)
What elements being retuned as multiple
Tags, classes
Syntax to use locators
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver.findElement(By.ID(“name”)
Can also be used for CLASS_NAME, TAG_NAME, NAME, LINK_TEXT, PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT)
Syntax to use CSS selector
driver.findElement(By.CSS_SELECTOR(“#email))
tag# - id
tag. - class
attribute - “tag[name=email]”
tag, class, attribute- (“input.inputtext[data-testid=royal_email]”)
tag is always optional
DOM
Document object model is an API interface provided by the browser. When a web page is loaded, the browser created a DOM of the page.
Types of XPath
- absolute(full)
- relative(partial)
What is absolute XPath
The complete path beginning from the root to the element witch we want to identify. XPath becomes invalid if there are any changes in attributes from the root to the element.
Starts with single slash: /
What is relative XPath
Starts from the element. Works based on certain attributes and value.
Starts with double slash: //
Difference between absolute and relative XPath
- Absolute XPath starts from the root node and relative directly jumps to element in DOM
- Absolute starts with single slash /, relative with double slash //
- Absolute uses only tags/nodes, relative uses attributes
Fluent wait selenium
It’s the maximum amount of time for the driver to wait for a certain condition to become visible, as well as frequency with which to check the condition.
User may configure the wait to ignore specific type of exceptions.
Syntax to go forward with selenium
driver.navigate().forward()
Syntax to navigate back with selenium
driver.navigate().back()
POM
Is a structural design pattern that groups UI web elements into classes or repositories that allows us to reuse these segments in other pieces of our codes. It separates the test logic from the finding elements logic
Selenium suite components
- selenium IDE
- selenium RC(remote control)
- selenium WebDriver
- selenium Grid
Syntax to navigate to the provided URL
driver.navigate().to(“https….”)
Difference between driver.close() and driver.quit()
- driver.close() - closes the current window
- driver.quit() - closes all the open browser windows
How to type in the input box using selenium
Using .send_keys() method
How to click in hyperlink using selenium
Using linkText or PartialLinkText locator and click() method
How to scroll down with selenium
With JS executor:
driver.executeScript
(“window.scrollTo(0,Y)”)
Y - the height
Example:
- 600
- document.body.scrollHeght
How to maximize the window
driver.maximize_window()
How to assert the title of a webpage with selenium
with driver.title method
Sleep method in Python
Suspends execution for the given number.
import time
time.sleep(5)
How to hover over element selenium
With ActionChains
1. Import ActionChains
from selenium.webriver.common.actions_chains import ActionChains
2. Identify elements to hover: hover_el
3. Instantiate action object:
a = ActionChains(driver)
4. Perform the action:
a.move_to_element(hover_el).perform()
How to locate element by attribute with XPath
//*[contains(@attribute, “name”)]
How to retrieve css properties of an element
element.value_of_css_property(“property”)
What is Captcha and can it be automated
Is a security feature that prevents bots and automated programs from accessing sensitive information
It can not be automated, has to be done manually
How does selenium handle windows based pop-ups
Windows based features are not natively supported by Selenium.
It can be done with third party tools like AutoIT, Robot
How to take a screenshot with selenium
driver.save_screenshot(“image.png”)
“./images/image.png” - to save it in the folder
How to select drop-down using selenium
Using Select
1. import Select: from selenium.webdriver.suport.select import Select
2. Locate the element:
el = Select(driver.find_element…)
3. Perform action:
- el.select_by_index(0)
- el.select_by_visible_text(‘text’)
- el.select_by_value(“value”) - from the code
Switching windows in selenium
With switch_to_window() and driver.window_handles[] methods
1. Identify original window:
first=driver.window_handles[0]
2. Locate and click on the second window
3. Identify second window:
second=driver.window_handles[1]
4. Switch to the first window:
driver.switch_to_window(first)
How to print window id’s with multiple windows in selenium
print(driver.window_handles)
How to get and change the size of the window with selenium
Get the size:
driver.get_window_size()
Set size:
driver.set_window_size(width, height)
How to login into any site with authentication pop up for username and password
By passing username and password in the URL
driver.get(“http://“+username+”:”+password+”@“+”httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/passwd”
Syntax for relative expressions in XPath
- //tagname[@attribute=“value”]
- //tagname[@attribute=“value” and @attribute=“value”] - with multiple attributes
- //tagname[text()=‘value’]
- //tagname[contains(text(), ‘value’)]
- //tagname[@attribute=“value”] //tagname[@attribute=“value”] - multiple tags
- //* [@attribute=“value”], *- all tags
Sibling XPath: - presiding-sibling, forward-sibling, parent
- //tagname[text()=‘value’]//parent::td[@attribite=‘value’]//preceding-sibling::td[@attribute=‘value’]//tagname[@attribute=‘value’]
Command+F- XPath window
