FE/AB Flashcards

1
Q

Calcium Normal Levels

A

9-10.5

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2
Q

Calcium Function

Hint: Gates to CAlifornia

A

Bone and teeth formation, nerve and muscle function, clotting

  • Gatekeeper for Na and action potentials
  • Gates too low: AP going off
  • Gates too high: AP cannot get through
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3
Q

Hypocalcemia

Causes? Muscles? VS?
S/s?
Care?

A
  • Vit D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism
  • Chvostek’s/Trousseau’s positive, muscle spasms, numbness/tingling in lips/fingers, GI upset, hypotension, decreased HR
  • increase foods high in calcium and provide supplementation
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4
Q

Hypercalcemia

Causes?
S/s?

A
  • hyperparathyroidism, long-term steroid use, bone cancer

- constipation, decreased DTRs, lethargy, kidney stones

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5
Q

Magnesium Normal Levels

A

1.3-2.1

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6
Q

Magnesium Function

A

nerve and muscle function, bone formation. critical for many biochemical processes in the body

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7
Q

Hypomagnesemia

Causes?
S/s? DTRs? GI? Muscles?
Care?

A
  • GI losses, diuretics, malnutrition, ETOH abuse
  • hyperactive DTRs, tetany, seizures, constipation/ileus
  • increase foods high in mag, provide supplements (PO can cause diarrhea)
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8
Q

Hypermagnesemia

Causes?
S/s?
Care?

A
  • kidney disease, laxatives containing mag

- hypotensions, muscle weakness, lethargy, and respiratory and cardiac arrest

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9
Q

Potassium Normal Level

A

3.5-5.0

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10
Q

Potassium Function

A

maintains ICF balance, nerve function, regulates muscle and heart contractions

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11
Q

Hypokalemia?

Causes?
S/s? Hint: Slow and low; cardiac? vs?
Care?

A
  • GI losses, diuretics, skin losses, metabolic alkalosis
  • dysrhythmias (flat T waves, U wave), muscle weakness/cramps, constipation/ileus, hypotension, weak pulse
  • increase foods high in K+, administer supplements (PO/IV), cardiac monitoring. never push K+, administer via IV SLOW
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12
Q

Hyperkalemia

Causes?
S/s?
Care?

A
  • DKA, metabolic acidosis, salt substitutes, kidney failure, potassium-sparing diuretics (aldactone)
  • dysrhythmias (tall peaked T, short QT, ST depression), muscle weakness, numbness/tingling, diarrhea
  • limit foods high in K+, administer loop diuretics, Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene), insulin with dextrose
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13
Q

Sodium Normal Level

A

135-145

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14
Q

Sodium Function

A

maintain body’s fluid balance, nerve and muscle function

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15
Q

Hyponatremia

Causes?
S/s?
Care?

A
  • GI losses, diuretics, kidney disease, skin losses, SIADH, hyperglycemia, HF
  • tachycardia, hypotension, confusion (elderly), fatigue, headache, N/V
  • administer isotonic solution (0.9% NaCl), increase sodium intake. For acute hyponatremia, give hypertonic (3% NaCl) IV fluids SLOWLY
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16
Q

Hypernatremia

Causes?
S/s?
Care?

A
  • water deprivation, excess Na intake, kidney failure, Cushing’s syndrome, DI, burns, excess sweating
  • tachycardia, muscle twitching/weakness, GI upset
  • administer 0.9% or 0.45% IVF, decrease Na intake, increase water intake
17
Q

Fluid Volume Deficit

Causes?
S/s?
Labs?
Care?
Complications & what to do?
A
  • GI losses, diuretics, hemorrhage, diaphoresis, DI, kidney disease, hyperventilation (insensible loss)
  • tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, weak pulse, fatigue, weakness, thirst, dry MM, GI upset, oliguria, decreased skin turgor, decreased CRT, diaphoresis, flat neck veins
  • increased Hct, serum osmolarity, urine specific gravity , BUN, serum sodium
  • fluid replacement, monitor daily weights, I & Os, notify provider for urine output <= 30 ml/kg, implement fall precautions,
  • hypovolemic shock (!)&raquo_space; administer O2, colloids, crystalloids, vasoconstrictors
18
Q

Fluid Volume Excess

Causes?
S/s?
Labs?
Care?
Complications?
A
  • HF, steroid use, kidney dysfunction, cirrhosis, burns, excess Na intake
  • tachycardia, tachypnea, HTN, bounding pulses, weight gain, edema, ascites, dyspnea, crackles, distended neck veins
  • decreased Hct and Hgb, serum osmolarity, urine osmolarity, urine specific gravity, BUN
  • semi or High-fowler’s, monitor daily weights, I & Os, fluid restriction, Na restriction, administer diuretics and O2 as ordered
  • pulmonary edema (dyspnea, pink frothy sputum)
19
Q

Fluid Volume Excess

Daily Weight: What weight gain do you need to report to the provider?

A

1-2 lbs in 1 day
OR
3 lbs in 1 week

20
Q

Chemical/Protein Buffers

What are they?
What do they do?

A
  • bicarb, phosphate, Hgb = first line of defense

- bind or release H+ ions to quickly change pH

21
Q

Respiratory Buffers

A

second line of defense; chemoreceptors sense a change in CO2, send signal to the brain to adjust respirations

  • increased CO2&raquo_space; increased RR and RD (to blow off CO2)
  • decreased CO2&raquo_space; decrease RR and RD (to keep CO2)
22
Q

Renal Buffers

A

third line of defense; slower to respond but has longest duration

  • kidneys reabsorb and produce more bicarb in response to high levels of H+ ions
  • kidneys excrete more bicarb in response to low levels of H+ ions
23
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

Causes?
Labs?
S/s?
Care?

A
  • respiratory depression, inadequate chest expansion, airway obstruction, PE, pulmonary edema (retention of CO2 or inappropriate gas exchange)
  • PaCO2 (>45), pH < 7.35
  • tachycardia, tachypnea, shallow breathing, pale/cyanotic skin, confusion
  • administer O2, bronchodilators
24
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

Causes?
Labs?
S/s?
Care?

A
  • hyperventilation (r/t fear, anxiety, salicylate toxicity)
  • PaCO2 < 35, pH > 7,45
  • tachypnea, deep and rapid breathing, anxiety, chest pain, dysrhythmias
  • reduce anxiety
25
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

Causes?
Labs?
S/s?
Care?

A
  • DKA, kidney failure, diarrhea, pancreas/liver failure
  • HCO3 < 22, pH < 7.35
  • bradycardia, hypotension, weak pulses, dysrhythmias, Kussmaul respirations, warm/flushed skin
  • administer insulin DKA, sodium bicarbonate
26
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

Causes?
Labs?
S/S?
Care?

A
  • antacid overdose or baking soda overdose, GI losses (V, GI suction)
  • HCO3 > 26, pH > 7.45
  • tachycardia, dysrhythmias, muscle weakness
  • administer antiemetics for vomiting