fe Flashcards
how many nucleobases are common to both dna and rna
3
the famous double helix of DNA occurs due to —— bonding between nucleobases
hydrogen
aldehydes denature DNA by interacting w the nucleophilic nitrogen in the ——–
nucleobase
In an oxygen deficient environment, pyruvates ultimate fate in to b converted into —-
Lactic acid
When a molecule of ADP is produced during any of the four major steps of glucose metabolism, this is an indication that energy
consumed
Catabolic activity that results in the generation of ATP
glycolysis
what are nucleosides a combination of
nucleobase, 5-carbon sugar
who was overlooked when the elucidation of DNAs structure was awarded to the dudes
Rosalind Franklin
T/F Nucleotides polymerize to form DNA and RNA
T
In an oxygen deficient environment, pyruvates ultimate fate is to be converted into
Acetyl-CoA
When a molecule of ADP is produced 4 major steps of glucose metabolism happen
glycolysis, pyruvate conversion, krebs cycle, electron chain transport
T/F All the compounds within the electron transport chain are ultimately returned to their original form w only NADH and O2 permanently altered
T
Nucleotides are created by coupling together what 3 subunits
sugars, nucleobases and phosphoric acid
Ribonucleotides, besides contributing to the structure of RNA, r also major component of the energy storing compound —–
ATP
T/F: the main structural difference between a single strand of RNA and a single strand of DNA is that RNA has a ‘deoxy’ 5-carbon-sugar
F
Most of the energy produced in the form of ATP during the coplete oxidation of glucose is produced in what step
electron transport chain
—– is the type of RNA that carries the genetic code out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm
mRNA (messenger)
The electron Transport Chain reaction takes place in the —–
mitochondria
T/P: the ultimate fate of pyruvate ina n oxygen deficient environment is that pyruvate is metabolized into lactic acid
True
Our unique and very personal genetic code is based off of what physical feature of DNA
Base pair sequencing
T/F DNA replicated itself and makes RNA
T
The process which both consumes oxygen and releases energy into the body is referred to as the
electron transport chain
degree of rigor mortis is directly correlated to ——– levels in the body
ATP
T/F during glycolysis, NADH oxidizes metabolites
False
the elevation in body temp following death is best described as ——
postmortem caloricity
By pressing the skin of a decedent and seeing discoloration is removed or not, it is possible to differentiate between —– and ——-
livor mortis and postmortem stain
secondary flaccidity is the result of ——–
myosin decomposition
what is the name of the federal agency that has jurisdiction over workplace safety of employees
OSHA
What is ‘break through time’ in reference to examination gloves
time it takes for gloves to be compromised due to chemical or biological exposure
‘break through time’ for latex is ======== than for nitrile
shorter
what factor affects algor mortis that is not intrinsic
environment
the extravascular discoloration that cannot b cleared w arterial embalming, because tissues have become stained as a result of the liberation of heme is best described as ——-
postmortem stain
T/F postmortem caloricity can b the result of both chemical and physical changes
True
to ensure safety, formaldehyde monitoring should occur =====
annually
the permissible exposure limit for formaldehyde is
0.75 ppm over 8 hr period
what verbiage must b posted outside of area where formaldehyde exposure is regulated
Danger, formaldehyde
what kind of issues can rigor mortis create during embalming
positioning challenges, extravascular pressure/decreased distribution, false sense of tissue preservation
describe postmortem pH shift
basic acid basic
T/F rigor mortis is a chemical change because the body is no longer producing DNA, which is important in muscle movement.
false
many of the chemicals used by the embalmer are potentially hazardous in nature. for this reason those working in a mortuary should consult the —- for safety info
SDS
the short term exposure limit formaldehyde is
2.0ppm a 15 min period
T/F formaldehyde monitoring should happen when the risk for exposure is at its lowest
false
discoloration due to the settling of blood to dependent parts of the body is best described as —
livor mortis
muscle mass is an —- factor that an embalmer will consider during the pre-embalming case analysis
intrinsic
T/F the depletion of carbs in the muscles after death causes muscles to b in a permanent contracted state known as rigor mortis
false
describe some best practices to minimize formaldehyde exposure in the workplace
engineering controls (hoods, lids) Proper PPR, good workplace habits
what is the blood borne pathogen rule
a written plan to minimize exposure to blood borne pathogens
T/F exposure to formaldehyde will b at the highest during the embalming of an autopsy or trauma case or when performing topical embalming over large portion of the body
true
concurrent embalming case analysis occurs at which point during the embalming process
during
a body with anasacra will require a —- solution to limit —-
hypertonic/hydrolysis
T/F secondary dilution of embalming fluid is best defined as the dilution that occurs as a result of adding methanol stabilizer to un stabilized preservative
false
in embalming fluid dilution equation (cbvb =CtVt) what is vb
volume of embalming fluid to be poured into the embalming machine
how much water will b added to an embalming solution w a final volume of 100 oz that has 10 oz of a 10 arterial fluid and 10 oz of an anticoagualnt
80
The volume and concentration of preservative required to properly embalm remains is termed —
preservative demand
what consideration is not relevant when determining the proper embalming solution to prepare for a decedent
time, family history, pathologies, moisture content
family history
T/F primary dilution of embalming fluid is best defined as the dilution that occurs when embalming solution mixes w fluids in the body
False
In embalming equation (cbvb=CtVt) what does Ct rep
The Primary dilution factor (PDF)
How many oz of a [25] arterial fluid will you need to create a solution w a concentration of 2 in a final volume of 200 oz
16 oz
——- dilution is created by the embalmer
primary
advanced decomposition typically —-formaldehyde demand
increases
t/f when prepping embalming solution for decedent w high moisture (edema) you would make sure the solution is hypertonic compared to the environment in the cell
true
you prep solution using 70 oz embalming fluid w [16]. what will the final volume b if you create an embalming solution w [3.5]
320oz
how much [20] embalming fluid would you need to mix w 18 oz of an index [12] embalming fluid to create an 256 oz [4.0] solution
40.4oz
T/F in the equation, the variable for the final volume of the embalming machine is V
true
your decedent wont be buried for several months, the embalming solution should have a —- primary dilution factor
high
the —- is the concentrated substance that enters a decedents body while the —— is the diluted substance purchased from a manufacturer
embalming fluid/ embalming solution
what is the difference between embalming fluid and embalming solution
EF is a concentrated solution that is diluted to make ES
what is the primary dilution factor of an embalming solution w 16 oz of a [20] arterial fluid mixed in a 100oz solution
3.2
T/F in the embalming equation, the variable for the concentration of embalming fluid is C
false
there isnt set decomp order of body, but it usually happens in what order
carbs, soft proteins, lipids, hard proteins, bones
upon death, un-processed bilirubin and biliverdin are the main cause of —-
postmortem stain in form of jaundice
T/F loss of a carboxylic acid from an amino acid is termed a decarboxylation and can produce cadaverine
true
the reaction of an aldehyde and a protein results in the formation of water. the oxygen in the water comes from which one
aldehyde
hydrogen peroxide has a shelf life of
1 year
what is a surfactant
chemicals that will reduce the molecular cohesion of a liquid and thereby enable it to flow through smaller aprertures
the first step in protein putrefaction is === which leads to the creation of polypeptides, oligomers and amino acids
hydrolysis
the adipose tissues degrade into fatty acids. it is these fatty acids that can b transformed into —- given an anaerobic and basic environment
grave wax
T/F pyrrole is the neutralization product of an aldehyde and free nitrogen
false
methylene bridge is compromised of a carbon bonded to 2 hydrogens and 2 —–
nitrogen
sodium hypochlorite is synonymous w ——
bleach
what are preservative fluids
components of embalming solution
decarboxylation is the step in the putrefaction process most responsible for the creation of —–
cadaverine and putrescine
carbs decompose into
water and carbon dioxide
T/F thiols are produced when proteins w sulfur sidechains decompose
false
aldehydes can form methylene bridges w which of the following molecules
protein
— are/is commonly used for instrument sanitation
quaternary ammonuim compounds
what is cavity fluid
E fluid injected into the cavity and surface embalming
the ‘smell of death’ is most commonly attributed the decomp of those amino acids and polypeptides w —– present in their structure
sulfur
hydrolysis of protein is an —-bond breaking reaction
amine
the reaction of an aldehyde and a protein results in the formation of water. the hydrogen in the water comes from which one
the protein
formaldehyde is — astringent than glutaraldehyde because it can bridge —–peptide bonds than glutaraldehyde
more/more
what is a humectant
chemicals that increase capability of embalmed tissue to retain moisture
what is formalin
formaldehyde gas dissolved in water at 37% by weight and 40% by volume
