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fe Flashcards

1
Q

how many nucleobases are common to both dna and rna

A

3

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2
Q

the famous double helix of DNA occurs due to —— bonding between nucleobases

A

hydrogen

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3
Q

aldehydes denature DNA by interacting w the nucleophilic nitrogen in the ——–

A

nucleobase

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4
Q

In an oxygen deficient environment, pyruvates ultimate fate in to b converted into —-

A

Lactic acid

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5
Q

When a molecule of ADP is produced during any of the four major steps of glucose metabolism, this is an indication that energy

A

consumed

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6
Q

Catabolic activity that results in the generation of ATP

A

glycolysis

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7
Q

what are nucleosides a combination of

A

nucleobase, 5-carbon sugar

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8
Q

who was overlooked when the elucidation of DNAs structure was awarded to the dudes

A

Rosalind Franklin

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9
Q

T/F Nucleotides polymerize to form DNA and RNA

A

T

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10
Q

In an oxygen deficient environment, pyruvates ultimate fate is to be converted into

A

Acetyl-CoA

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11
Q

When a molecule of ADP is produced 4 major steps of glucose metabolism happen

A

glycolysis, pyruvate conversion, krebs cycle, electron chain transport

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12
Q

T/F All the compounds within the electron transport chain are ultimately returned to their original form w only NADH and O2 permanently altered

A

T

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13
Q

Nucleotides are created by coupling together what 3 subunits

A

sugars, nucleobases and phosphoric acid

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14
Q

Ribonucleotides, besides contributing to the structure of RNA, r also major component of the energy storing compound —–

A

ATP

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15
Q

T/F: the main structural difference between a single strand of RNA and a single strand of DNA is that RNA has a ‘deoxy’ 5-carbon-sugar

A

F

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16
Q

Most of the energy produced in the form of ATP during the coplete oxidation of glucose is produced in what step

A

electron transport chain

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17
Q

—– is the type of RNA that carries the genetic code out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm

A

mRNA (messenger)

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18
Q

The electron Transport Chain reaction takes place in the —–

A

mitochondria

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19
Q

T/P: the ultimate fate of pyruvate ina n oxygen deficient environment is that pyruvate is metabolized into lactic acid

A

True

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20
Q

Our unique and very personal genetic code is based off of what physical feature of DNA

A

Base pair sequencing

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21
Q

T/F DNA replicated itself and makes RNA

A

T

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22
Q

The process which both consumes oxygen and releases energy into the body is referred to as the

A

electron transport chain

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23
Q

degree of rigor mortis is directly correlated to ——– levels in the body

A

ATP

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24
Q

T/F during glycolysis, NADH oxidizes metabolites

A

False

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25
Q

the elevation in body temp following death is best described as ——

A

postmortem caloricity

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26
Q

By pressing the skin of a decedent and seeing discoloration is removed or not, it is possible to differentiate between —– and ——-

A

livor mortis and postmortem stain

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27
Q

secondary flaccidity is the result of ——–

A

myosin decomposition

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28
Q

what is the name of the federal agency that has jurisdiction over workplace safety of employees

A

OSHA

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29
Q

What is ‘break through time’ in reference to examination gloves

A

time it takes for gloves to be compromised due to chemical or biological exposure

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30
Q

‘break through time’ for latex is ======== than for nitrile

A

shorter

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31
Q

what factor affects algor mortis that is not intrinsic

A

environment

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32
Q

the extravascular discoloration that cannot b cleared w arterial embalming, because tissues have become stained as a result of the liberation of heme is best described as ——-

A

postmortem stain

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33
Q

T/F postmortem caloricity can b the result of both chemical and physical changes

A

True

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34
Q

to ensure safety, formaldehyde monitoring should occur =====

A

annually

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35
Q

the permissible exposure limit for formaldehyde is

A

0.75 ppm over 8 hr period

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36
Q

what verbiage must b posted outside of area where formaldehyde exposure is regulated

A

Danger, formaldehyde

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37
Q

what kind of issues can rigor mortis create during embalming

A

positioning challenges, extravascular pressure/decreased distribution, false sense of tissue preservation

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38
Q

describe postmortem pH shift

A

basic acid basic

39
Q

T/F rigor mortis is a chemical change because the body is no longer producing DNA, which is important in muscle movement.

A

false

40
Q

many of the chemicals used by the embalmer are potentially hazardous in nature. for this reason those working in a mortuary should consult the —- for safety info

A

SDS

41
Q

the short term exposure limit formaldehyde is

A

2.0ppm a 15 min period

42
Q

T/F formaldehyde monitoring should happen when the risk for exposure is at its lowest

A

false

43
Q

discoloration due to the settling of blood to dependent parts of the body is best described as —

A

livor mortis

44
Q

muscle mass is an —- factor that an embalmer will consider during the pre-embalming case analysis

A

intrinsic

45
Q

T/F the depletion of carbs in the muscles after death causes muscles to b in a permanent contracted state known as rigor mortis

A

false

46
Q

describe some best practices to minimize formaldehyde exposure in the workplace

A

engineering controls (hoods, lids) Proper PPR, good workplace habits

47
Q

what is the blood borne pathogen rule

A

a written plan to minimize exposure to blood borne pathogens

48
Q

T/F exposure to formaldehyde will b at the highest during the embalming of an autopsy or trauma case or when performing topical embalming over large portion of the body

A

true

49
Q

concurrent embalming case analysis occurs at which point during the embalming process

A

during

50
Q

a body with anasacra will require a —- solution to limit —-

A

hypertonic/hydrolysis

51
Q

T/F secondary dilution of embalming fluid is best defined as the dilution that occurs as a result of adding methanol stabilizer to un stabilized preservative

A

false

52
Q

in embalming fluid dilution equation (cbvb =CtVt) what is vb

A

volume of embalming fluid to be poured into the embalming machine

53
Q

how much water will b added to an embalming solution w a final volume of 100 oz that has 10 oz of a 10 arterial fluid and 10 oz of an anticoagualnt

A

80

54
Q

The volume and concentration of preservative required to properly embalm remains is termed —

A

preservative demand

55
Q

what consideration is not relevant when determining the proper embalming solution to prepare for a decedent
time, family history, pathologies, moisture content

A

family history

56
Q

T/F primary dilution of embalming fluid is best defined as the dilution that occurs when embalming solution mixes w fluids in the body

A

False

57
Q

In embalming equation (cbvb=CtVt) what does Ct rep

A

The Primary dilution factor (PDF)

58
Q

How many oz of a [25] arterial fluid will you need to create a solution w a concentration of 2 in a final volume of 200 oz

A

16 oz

59
Q

——- dilution is created by the embalmer

A

primary

60
Q

advanced decomposition typically —-formaldehyde demand

A

increases

61
Q

t/f when prepping embalming solution for decedent w high moisture (edema) you would make sure the solution is hypertonic compared to the environment in the cell

A

true

62
Q

you prep solution using 70 oz embalming fluid w [16]. what will the final volume b if you create an embalming solution w [3.5]

A

320oz

63
Q

how much [20] embalming fluid would you need to mix w 18 oz of an index [12] embalming fluid to create an 256 oz [4.0] solution

A

40.4oz

64
Q

T/F in the equation, the variable for the final volume of the embalming machine is V

A

true

65
Q

your decedent wont be buried for several months, the embalming solution should have a —- primary dilution factor

A

high

66
Q

the —- is the concentrated substance that enters a decedents body while the —— is the diluted substance purchased from a manufacturer

A

embalming fluid/ embalming solution

67
Q

what is the difference between embalming fluid and embalming solution

A

EF is a concentrated solution that is diluted to make ES

68
Q

what is the primary dilution factor of an embalming solution w 16 oz of a [20] arterial fluid mixed in a 100oz solution

A

3.2

69
Q

T/F in the embalming equation, the variable for the concentration of embalming fluid is C

A

false

70
Q

there isnt set decomp order of body, but it usually happens in what order

A

carbs, soft proteins, lipids, hard proteins, bones

71
Q

upon death, un-processed bilirubin and biliverdin are the main cause of —-

A

postmortem stain in form of jaundice

72
Q

T/F loss of a carboxylic acid from an amino acid is termed a decarboxylation and can produce cadaverine

A

true

73
Q

the reaction of an aldehyde and a protein results in the formation of water. the oxygen in the water comes from which one

A

aldehyde

74
Q

hydrogen peroxide has a shelf life of

A

1 year

75
Q

what is a surfactant

A

chemicals that will reduce the molecular cohesion of a liquid and thereby enable it to flow through smaller aprertures

76
Q

the first step in protein putrefaction is === which leads to the creation of polypeptides, oligomers and amino acids

A

hydrolysis

77
Q

the adipose tissues degrade into fatty acids. it is these fatty acids that can b transformed into —- given an anaerobic and basic environment

A

grave wax

78
Q

T/F pyrrole is the neutralization product of an aldehyde and free nitrogen

A

false

79
Q

methylene bridge is compromised of a carbon bonded to 2 hydrogens and 2 —–

A

nitrogen

80
Q

sodium hypochlorite is synonymous w ——

A

bleach

81
Q

what are preservative fluids

A

components of embalming solution

82
Q

decarboxylation is the step in the putrefaction process most responsible for the creation of —–

A

cadaverine and putrescine

83
Q

carbs decompose into

A

water and carbon dioxide

84
Q

T/F thiols are produced when proteins w sulfur sidechains decompose

A

false

85
Q

aldehydes can form methylene bridges w which of the following molecules

A

protein

86
Q

— are/is commonly used for instrument sanitation

A

quaternary ammonuim compounds

87
Q

what is cavity fluid

A

E fluid injected into the cavity and surface embalming

88
Q

the ‘smell of death’ is most commonly attributed the decomp of those amino acids and polypeptides w —– present in their structure

A

sulfur

89
Q

hydrolysis of protein is an —-bond breaking reaction

A

amine

90
Q

the reaction of an aldehyde and a protein results in the formation of water. the hydrogen in the water comes from which one

A

the protein

91
Q

formaldehyde is — astringent than glutaraldehyde because it can bridge —–peptide bonds than glutaraldehyde

A

more/more

92
Q

what is a humectant

A

chemicals that increase capability of embalmed tissue to retain moisture

93
Q

what is formalin

A

formaldehyde gas dissolved in water at 37% by weight and 40% by volume

emblaming (1 decks)

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