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Crisis Of Identity (1920-1945) > FD Roosevelt + New Deal > Flashcards

FD Roosevelt + New Deal Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the 1932 election often defined as ‘turning point election’

A
  • the end of the long Republican ascendancy + beginning of the New Deal
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2
Q

What were the themes of Roosevelt’s election campaign?

A
  • govt. intervention was badly needed
  • America had to come off the gold standard
  • businesses should be reformed + regulated
  • give a sense of hope + enthusiasm for the future
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3
Q

Why did the Republicans lose the 1932 election?

A
  • extremely unpopular due to the perceived failures of Hoover
  • leading to the Democrats having a dominated victory - strong majorities in the House of Representatives + in the senate
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4
Q

What was happening early 1933?

A
  • banking crisis got worse
  • unemployment rising
  • farming crisis got worse
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5
Q

Criticisms of FDR’s New Deal?

A
  • conservative business leader through the went too far
  • farmers+ workers thought he did not do nearly enough
  • ran in troubles with Supreme Court - aspects of his new deal were regarded unconstitutional
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6
Q

When did the New Deal start?

A
  • as soon as FDR was inaugurated March 1933 his New Deal was launched
  • FDR was given unprecedented powers by congress for 100 days to implement a programme of reform that would get American people back to work
  • the ND policies in 1833 were both economic + political = aim was to rescue the economy from collapse
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7
Q

How did the Hundred Days began?

A
  • Emergency Banking Act passed 9 March = a banking holiday for 4 days
  • the federal reserve was given power to issue currency + to supervise the reopening of banks
  • Roosevelt gave his first radio ‘fireside chat’ - reassuring Americans their money would be safe + encouraging them to deposit it in banks again
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8
Q

Aims of the New Deal?

A
  • relief - helping the victims of the depression
  • recovery - trying to get the economy going again
  • reform - solving problems that caused the depression in the first place
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9
Q

What were Alphabet Agencies?

A
  • new organisations + federal recovery programmes
  • 59 were created 1933-38
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10
Q

Relief + recovery alphabet agencies (first new deal)

A
  • AAA (1933) = agricultural adjustment Administration
  • CCC (1933) = civilian conservation corps
  • FCA (1933) = farm credit administration
  • FERA (1933) = federal emergency relief administration
  • PWA (1933) = public works administration
  • TVA (1934) = Tennessee valley authority
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11
Q

What was the role of the AAA?

A
  • provided farmers with federal subsidies to compensate them for cutting back the overproduction of basic commodities
  • e.g. pork, wheat, cotton
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12
Q

What was the role of the CCC?

A
  • provided work for young men (18-25) working on conservation projects
  • e.g. planting trees for windbreaks + improving national parks
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13
Q

What was the role of the FCA?

A
  • helped farmers manage their debts by loans from federal funds to pay for seed, machinery etc.
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14
Q

What was the role of the FERA?

A
  • provided $500 million to state + local agencies for relief payments to the unemployed
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15
Q

What was the role of the FHA?

A
  • provided govt. funding to help people keep up with mortgage payments
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16
Q

What was the role of the PWA?

A
  • provided more than $3 billion for work-creation projects, such as roads
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17
Q

What was the role of the TVA?

A
  • coordinated schemes for conservation + regeneration in southern + western states
    -e.g. built dams to provide hydroelectric power, flood control + irrigation
  • also social projects such as education
18
Q

What was the purpose of reform + regulation agencies?

A
  • aimed to protect the rights of unions + workers
  • to use govt. intervention to impose reforms on private companies
  • e.g. Bank Act = regulate banking + credit to protect savers
19
Q

Reform + regulation agencies (first new deal)

A
  • NRA (1933) - National recovery act
  • ERTA (1934) - Emergency Railways transportation act
  • FCC (1934) - Federal communications commission
  • SEC (1934) - Security + exchange commission
20
Q

What was the role of the NRA?

A
  • to foster co-operation between the different sides of industry by developing agreed codes of practice
  • these codes were about issues such as production levels, wage rates, working hours, price + trade union rights
21
Q

What was the role of the ERTA?

A
  • regulated railroad companies
22
Q

What was the role of the FCC?

A
  • set up federal regulation of radio + telegraph services
23
Q

What was the role of SEC?

A
  • extended the banking act to set up federal regulation of trading in stocks + shares
  • strengthened the Federal Reserve in Washington
  • it was now illegal to stocks on credit
24
Q

Successes of the First New Deal?

A
  • us no longer on gold standard - stabilised financial markets
  • relief provided to certain groups - protecting homeowners + farmers by giving help to refinance loans
  • provided employment through public work schemes - e.g. CWA provided employment for 4 million workers building roads + airports
  • changed the national mood from hopelessness to optimism
25
Q

Failures of the first new deal?

A
  • AAA never achieved what govt. hoped - agricultural crisis intensified due to droughts
  • the AAA worsened rural poverty - sharecroppers were already suffering but suffered even more because the AAA reduced the amount of land used to grow cotton
  • little direct help to AA because Roosevelt didn’t want to antagonise the southern politicians + business leaders who might hv obstructed the new deal policies
  • end of 1934 - 22 million unemployed
26
Q

Overview of the second new deal?

A
  • launched in June 1935
  • relief schemes were expanded through the Works Progress Administration (WPA)
  • bought in federal social security benefits
  • reformed labour relations through the Wagner act
27
Q

Second new deal alphabet agencies

A
  • FLSA (1936) - Fair Labour Standard Act
  • FSA (1937) - Farm Security Administration
  • NHA (1938) - National Housing Act
  • NYA (1935) - National Youth Administration
  • REA (1935) - Rural Electrician Administration
  • SSA (1935) - Social Security Administration
  • WPA (1935) - Works Progress Administration
28
Q

What was the role of the FLSA?

A
  • set a minimum wage + 40 hour week
29
Q

What was the role of the FSA?

A

gave federal loans to farmers

30
Q

What was the role of the NHA?

A

set up housing projects for poorer families

31
Q

What was the role of the NYA?

A

helped youth with education + training

32
Q

What was the role of REA?

A

bought electricity to rural areas

33
Q

What was the role of the SSA?

A

gave federal insurance to the elderly, unemployed + disabled

34
Q

What was the role of the WPA?

A

a major public works scheme to provide jobs + relief

35
Q

What was the Wagner Act?

A
  • 1935
  • first national legislation which recognised the right of workers to elect their own representatives to take part in collective bargaining with employers
  • it therefore recognised the right for workers to form trade unions - trade union membership grew from 3.7 million 1933 to 9 million 1938
36
Q

Why did Roosevelt pass the Wagner Act if he was anti-trade union?

A
  • support for his re-election
37
Q

What was the NLRB?

A
  • national labour relations board
  • was set up to ensure fair play - employers were forbidden to resort to unfair practices such as discrimination against unionists
38
Q

Limitations of the Wagner Act?

A
  • did not apply to those already covered by the Railway Labour Act
  • didn’t apply to agricultural workers , domestic employees, federal, state or local govt. workers
  • Big businesses weren’t cooperating - Ford didn’t accept trade unions (Union of Auto Workers) until 1941
39
Q

Importance of the Wagner Act?

A
  • first piece of legislation that recognised the right of workers to elect their own representatives to take part in collective bargaining with employers = landmark development of labour rights
  • gave workers the right to join trade unions
  • set up the NLRB that had the power to bargain on the behalf of workers
  • facilitated the growth of trade union membership
40
Q

What was the CIO?

A
  • Congress of Industrial Action (1935-37)
  • formed due to the concern of exclusion of unskilled workers in the Wagner Act
  • CIO began to organise labour in mass production industries - steel, automobiles etc.
  • black workers + immigrants workers benefited from the CIO’s support for equality
  • gather 3.7 mil. workers

Crisis Of Identity (1920-1945) (6 decks)

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