FCM II Flashcards
the study of distribution of disease/physiologic condition in human population and the factors that affects its distribution
Epidemiology
study of DISTRIBUTION DETERMINANTS of HEALTH RELATED STATES in a POPULATION and the application of this study to CONTROL HEALTH PROBLEMS
Epidemiology
Define Epidemiology
study
distribution of disease/physiologic condition
human population
factors that affects its distribution
epi means
Above/upon
Demos means
people
What is Population Medicine
Examination of Disease occurrence not in the individual but in the population
occurrence of disease or condition
Distribution
Groups of people
population
Population may be defined by
Geographic Characteristics attributes (Age, gender)
variable responsible for the observed distribution of the condition
Factor
identify the factor:
Drinking of Alcohol among adolescents
Factors may be:
Family function
Self-efficacy
One of the objectives of Epidemiology is to Identify
Etiology of a disease
Risk factors
extent of disease found in the community
Other objectives of epidemiology
- Study the natural Hx and Prognosis of a Dse
- Evaluate effectiveness of a new preventive and Therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery
- Provide foundation for the development of policy and regulating decisions related to environmental problems
what are the goals of Epidemiology
Prevention of Disease
Promotion of Health
Scope of Epidemiology (ICA-DISH)
Infectious Dse Chronic Dse Accidents Drug Abuse Injuries Suicide Health Service Research
(Key) Uses of Epidemiology
- Health problems
- High Risk groups
- Natural Hx of Dse
- Dse surveillance and control
- PEM of Health Services
- Health policies
- STATISTICS AND CLINICAL MEDICINE
it evolved from the scientific revolution of the 1600s (Lomei)
Logic of Modern Epidemiologic Investigations
generalized statements about relationships between dse and man
Law of Mortality
when was the Royal Society of London established?
1662
identified broad causes of mortality (acute and chronic)
John Graunt
John Graunt collected what? and Constructed what?
Collected BILLS OF MORTALITY
Constructed FIRST KNOWN LIFETABLE
a Life table contains?
VITAL EVENTS in one’s life
reported in the usage of citrus as treatment for scurvy in sailors
James Lind (1747)
What did Daniel Bernoulli do?
(1760) he made an epidemiologic analysis on smallpox inoculation
this event stimulated an interest in the public health and preventive medicine
French Revolution
one of the first modern epidemiologists who pioneered in emphasizing statistical methods in medicine
Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis
the 2 leading epidemiological institutions of Victorian Era
The Registrar-General’s Office
London Epidemiological Society
Legislated into existence as a centralized registry for information on births, deaths and marriages
The Registrar-General’s Office (1863)
ESTABLISHED TO DETERMINE THE ETIOLOGY OF CHOLERA
London Epidemiological Society
He developed the concept of Mortality surveillance
William Farr
First to use the vital statistics and other demographic data for epidemiologic purposes
William Farr
conducted several studies regarding cholera
John Snow
Utilized a spot map to hypothesize that cholera might be associated with contaminated water
John Snow
what are the 4 Koch’s Postulates?
- Microbes should be observed in every case of the disease
- it must be isolated and grown in pure culture
- when inoculated, the disease must be reproduced
- microbe should be recoverd from the diseased animal
identified the cholera vibrio
Robert Koch
Studied typhoid fever
William Budd
Argued against Miasmatic origin of the Typhoid fever, and inferred that TF was a “contagious and self-propagating fever”
William Budd
His epidemiological studies identifiedthe etiology of pellagra and made it possible to develop interventions
Edgar Sydenstricker
randomized clinical trial
Bradford Hill
sought to use the first national cancer survey
Harold Dorn
Something that brings about a result
Cause
Why is knowledge on cause important?
Formulation of intervention measures
Formulation of preventive and control measures
What is association
identifiable relationship between exposure and disease
presence of mechanism that leads from exposure to disease
causation
Types of Causation
Causal(Direct, Indirect)
Non-causal
Factors in causation
Predisposing factors
Precipitating factors
Enabling factors
Reinforcing factors
Types of causal factors
Sufficient
Necessary
Is an event, condition, characteristic or a combination of these factors which plays an important role in producing the health outcome
Cause of disease
if no causal association, observed association could be due to?
bias, confounders, and chance
