FBP C10 - Managment and Leadership Flashcards
What was Fredrick Taylor theory
is known as the father of scientific management. He conducted studies to learn the most efficient way of doing a job and then trained workers in these procedures.
Scientific management – studying workers to find the most efficient way of doing things then teaching people those techniques
Scientific management
studying workers to find the most efficient way of doing things then teaching people those techniques
Fredrick Taylor
Describe the Hawthorne studies and their significance to management
The Hawthorne studies had the greatest impact on the motivation theory.
In these studies, Elton Mayo found that human factors such as feelings of involvement and participation led to greater productivity gains than did physical change in the workplace.
Why did Abraham Maslow find human motivation based on?
Motivation is based on needs. If a person is unfulfilled need would be a motivation to satisfy it and that a satisfied need no longer needs motivation.
What levels of need did Maslow Identify?
- Self-actualization
- Esteem needs
- Social needs
- Safety needs
- Physiological needs
Can managers use Maslow’s theory?
Yes, they can recognize what unmet needs a person has and designed work so that it satisfies those needs
What is the difference between Fredrick Herzberg’s motivator and hygiene factors?
Motivator factors – these factors motivate workers
Hygiene / maintenance factors – they cause job dissatisfaction if missing but are not motivators if present
Motivator factors
these factors motivate workers
Hygiene / maintenance factors
they cause job dissatisfaction if missing but are not motivators if present
What are the factors are motivators?
- The work itself
- Achievement
- Recognition
- Responsibility
- Growth
- Advancement
What are the hygiene factors?
- Company policies
- Supervision
- Working conditions
- Interpersonal relationships
- Salary
Who developed theory X and theory Y?
Douglas McGregor held that managers have one of two opposing attitudes toward employees. He called them Theory X and Y.
What is Theory X?
Assumes the average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. Therefore people must be forced, controlled and threatened with punishment to accomplish organizational goals.
What is Theory Y?
Assumes people like working and will accept responsibility for achieving goals if rewarded for doing so
What is Theory Z?
This is based on Japanese’s management styles and stresses long-term employment: collective decision making, individual responsibility: slow evaluation and promotion, Implicit, informal control with explicit, formalized control, moderately specialized career paths and a holistic concern for employees (including family)
What is goal-setting theory?
Goal setting theory is based on the notation that setting ambitious goals will lead to high levels of motivation and performance if the goals are accepted and accompanied by feedback, and its conditions in the organization make achievement possible.
What is management by objectives (MBO)?
A system of goal setting and implementation it includes a cycle of discussion, review and evaluation of objectives among top and middle level managers, supervisors and employees
What is the basis of expectancy theory?
Employees expectations can affect an individuals motivation
What are the key elements of the expectancy theory?
Expectancy theory centers on three questions employees often ask about performance on the. Job:
- Can I accomplish the task?
- If I do accomplish it, what is my reward?
- Is the reward worth the effort?
According to equity theory, employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to other employees in similar positions. What happens when employees perceive that their rewards are not equable?
If employees perceive they are under rewarded, they will either reduce their effort or rationalize that it isn’t important. If they perceive that they are overrewarded, they will either increase their effort or justify the higher reward in the future or rationalize by saying “ I’m worth it”.
Inequity leads to lower productivity, rewarded equality, increased absenteeism and voluntary resignation.
What characteristics of work affect motivation and performance?
Job characteristics that influence motivation are:
- skill variety
- tasks identify
- task significance
- autonomy
- feedback
Name two forms of job enrichment that increase motivation:
1) Job enlargement – combines a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment
2) Job rotation – makes work more interesting by moving employees from one job to another
How does open communication improve employee motivation?
Open communication helps both top managers and employees understand the objectives and work together to achieve them
How can managers encourage open communication?
Managers can create an organizational culture that rewards listening, train supervisors and managers to listen, use effective questioning techniques, remove barriers to open communication, avoid vague and ambiguous communication, and actively make it easier for all to communicate.
High context cultures:
people build personal relationships and develop group trust before focusing on tasks
Low context cultures
: people often view relationship building as a waste of time that diverts attention from the task
How are generation x managers likely to be different from their baby boomer predecessors?
Baby boomers (between 52 and 70): - Willing to work long hours to build careers and expect employees to do the same
Gen Xers (9-24):
- Strive for a balanced lifestyle and are likely to focus on results rather than on how many hours their team’s work
- Better than previous generations at working in teams and providing frequent feedback
- Not bound by traditions
What are the common characteristics of Millennials and Gen Zers?
Millennials (25 and 45 years old):
- Adaptable
- Tech savvy
- Grasp new concepts
- Practiced at multitasking
- Efficient
- tolerant
- Often place a higher value on work-life balance, expect their employees to do the same
Gen Z:
- Tend to me more cautious
- Security minded
- Inspired to improve the world
- Confront problems rather than hide them
- Tech savvy
Time motion studies
studies began by Fredrick Taylor, of which tasks must be performed to compete a job and the time needed to do each task
Principle of motion economy
theory developed that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions
Hawthorne effect
tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied
Maslow hierarchy of needs
theory of basic motivation based on unmet human needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social and esteem needs to self-actualization needs.
Goal setting theory
The idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions.
Expecctancy theory
Victor Vroom’s theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome.
Equity theory
The idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions.
Job enrichment
A motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself.
Job enlargement
A job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment.
Job rotation
A job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another.
Extrinsic reward
Something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases, praise, and promotions.
Intrinsic reward
The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals.
Management by objectives (MBO)
Peter Drucker’s system of goal-setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees.
Principle of motion economy
Theory developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions.
Time motion studies
- Studies, begun by Frederick Taylor, of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task.
