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Faults Flashcards

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1
Q

Stress

A

the force exerted per unit area

Force applied to an object, typically dealing with forces within the Earth.

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2
Q

Strain

A

The deformation that results from application of a stress.

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3
Q

Strain in rocks can be represented as…..

A

-Change in rock volume and/or rock shape
-Fracturing the rock
-

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4
Q

3 Types of Stress

A

Tensional
Compressional
Shear

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5
Q

Tensional Stress

A

Stresses that pull objects apart into a larger surface area or volume; stretching forces.
-which results in strain that stretches and thins rock.

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6
Q

What stress?

A

Tensional Stress

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7
Q

Compressional Stress

A

Stresses that push objects together into a smaller surface area or volume; contracting forces.
(Forces Pushing Together)

shows up as rock folding and thickening.

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8
Q

What stress?

A

Compressional Stress

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9
Q

Shear Stress

A

Stress within an object that causes a side-to-side movement within an internal fabric or weakness.

the strain shows up as opposing blocks or regions of material moving past each other

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10
Q

What kind of stress?

A

Shear Stress

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11
Q

What plate boundary is associated with tensional stress?

A

Divergent

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12
Q

What results from tensional stress?

A

Stretching and thinning

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13
Q

What type of fault is associated with tensional stress?

A

Normal Fault

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14
Q

What plate boundary is associated with compressional stress?

A

Convergent

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15
Q

What’s the result of compressional stress?

A

Shortening and thickening

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16
Q

What fault is associated with compressional stress?

A

Reverse Fault

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17
Q

What kind of plate boundary is associated with shear stress?

A

Transform

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18
Q

What results from shear force?

A

Tearing

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19
Q

What fault is associated with shear stress?

A

Strike-slip

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20
Q

If stress is the force applied to a rock, then strain is ______.

A

the deformation of the rock that results

Stress leads to resulting strain by changing the physical shape of the rock.

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21
Q

When rocks are stressed, the resulting strain can be__________

A

Elastic
Ductile
Brittle

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22
Q

Deformation

A

A strain that occurs in a substance in which the item changes shape due to a stress.

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23
Q

Elastic deformation

A

A type of deformation that reverses when the stress is removed.

For example, when you stretch a rubber band, it elastically returns to its original shape after you release it

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24
Q

Ductile deformation

A

A bending, squishing, or stretching style of deformation where an object changes shape smoothly.

occurs when enough stress is applied to a material that the changes in its shape are permanent, and the material is no longer able to revert to its original shape.

For example, if you bend a metal bar too far, it can be permanently bent out of shape.

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25
Q

Yield Point

A

An amount of strain where the substance has a maximum amount of elastic deformation and switches to ductile deformation.

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26
Q

Brittle deformation

A

A style of strain in which an object suddenly breaks, fractures, or otherwise fails in a different way than ductile deformation.

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27
Q

The type of deformation a rock undergoes depends on__________

A 
on pore pressure
strain rate
rock strength
temperature
stress intensity
time
confining pressure
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28
Q

Pore Pressure

A

Pore pressure is exerted on the rock by fluids in the open spaces or pores embedded within rock or sediment.

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29
Q

Strain rate

A

Strain rate measures how quickly a material is deformed.

For example, applying stress slowly makes it is easier to bend a piece of wood without breaking it.

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30
Q

Rock strength measures_____________

A

Rock strength measures how easily a rock deforms under stress.

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31
Q

Removing heat or decreasing the temperature makes materials more ___________

A

Removing heat, or decreasing the temperature, makes materials more rigid and susceptible to brittle deformation.

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32
Q

Heating materials make them more ____________

A

heating materials make them more ductile and less brittle

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33
Q

How will a rock respond if it is subjected to high heat and pressure?

A

Bend

Rocks are more ductile at higher temperatures. With heat and pressure, the rock will most likely bend.

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34
Q

If you snap a “green” stick (freshly removed from a tree) into two pieces, it will first undergo __________ deformation, then __________ deformation.

A

If you snap a “green” stick (freshly removed from a tree) into two pieces, it will first undergo ELASTIC deformation, then BRITTLE deformation.

You will notice that you can bend a green stick before breaking it, and the stick can return to its previous shape after pressure is released if the stick is not broken, elastically. But if it breaks, it exhibits brittle behavior.

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35
Q

What is the resulting strain in ductile deformation?

A

permanent change in shape

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36
Q

Folds

A

A rock layer that has been bent in a ductile way instead of breaking (as with faulting).

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37
Q

Faults

A

A rock layer that has been bent in a ductile way instead of breaking (as with faulting).

38
Q

Formations

A

An extensive, distinct, and mapped set of geologic layers.

Each formation on the map is indicated by a color and a label.

39
Q

This symbol represents what?

A

Strike Slip

showing strike of N30oE and dip of 45 to the SE.

The short trunk represents the dip and the top line represents the strike.

40
Q

Dip

A

Dip is the angle that a bed plunges into the Earth from the horizontal.

A measure of a plane’s (maximum) angle with respect to horizontal, where a perfectly horizontal plane has a dip of zero and a vertical plane has a dip of 90°.

41
Q

Strike

A

A measure of a geologic plane’s orientation in 3-D space. Used for beds of rocks, faults, fold hinges, etc. Using the right hand rule, dip is perpendicular, and to the right 90° of the strike.

42
Q

If a rock layer has a dip of 90 degrees, how is that rock layer oriented relative to a horizontal plane?

A

Vertical (perpendicular to level ground)

43
Q

What does the strike and dip of a rock represent?

A

Dip is the angle of greatest inclination down from horizontal and strike is the angle from true north or true south of a horizontal line on the stratum.

44
Q

Geologists define a geological formation as ______________________?

A

A recognizable, mappable rock unit

45
Q

Faults

A

Faults are the places in the crust where brittle deformation occurs as two blocks of rocks move relative to one another.

46
Q

Normal and reverse faults display vertical, also known ________

A

Normal and reverse faults display vertical, also known as DIP SLIP

47
Q

Dip-slip

A

Faulting that occurs with a vertical motion.

Dip-slip motion consists of relative up-and-down movement along a dipping fault between two blocks, the hanging wall and footwall.

48
Q

Footwall

A

On a dipping fault, the part of the block that is below the fault. Moves down in normal faulting, up in reverse faulting.

49
Q

Hanging Wall

A

On a dipping fault, the side that is on top of the fault plane. Moves down in normal faulting, up in reverse faulting.

50
Q

Fault Scarp

A

Place where fault movement cuts the surface of the Earth.

51
Q

Slickensides

A

are polished, often grooved surfaces along the fault plane created by friction during the movement.

52
Q

Joint

A

A break within a rock that has no relative movement between the sides. Caused by cooling, pressure release, tectonic forces, etc.

A brittle deformation

53
Q

What type of fault?

A

Normal Fault

54
Q

Normal faults move by_______

A

by a vertical motion where the hanging-wall moves downward relative to the footwall along the dip of the fault.

55
Q

Grabens, horsts, and half-grabens are______

A

Grabens, horsts, and half-grabens are blocks of crust or rock bounded by normal faults

56
Q

Grabens

A

A valley formed by normal faulting.

drop down relative to adjacent blocks and create valleys.

57
Q

Horsts

A

Uplifted mountain block caused by normal faulting.

rise up relative to adjacent down-dropped blocks and become areas of higher topography.

58
Q

Half-grabens

A

A valley formed by normal faulting on just one side.

Half-grabens are a one-sided version of a horst and graben, where blocks are tilted by a normal fault on one side, creating an asymmetrical valley-mountain arrangement

59
Q

Do normal faults continue clear into the mantle?

A

No

60
Q

What type of fault?

A

Normal Fault

61
Q

What type of fault?

A

Normal Fault

62
Q

What type of fault?

A

Normal Fault

63
Q

Reverse Fault

A

compressional forces cause the hanging wall to move up relative to the footwall

64
Q

Thrust Fault

A

A thrust fault is a reverse fault where the fault plane has a low dip angle of less than 45°.

Thrust faults carry older rocks on top of younger rocks and can even cause repetition of rock units in the stratigraphic record.

65
Q

Convergent plate boundaries with subduction zones create a special type of “reverse” fault called a _______

A

Convergent plate boundaries with subduction zones create a special type of “reverse” fault called a MEGATHRUST FAULT

66
Q

What fault causes the largest magnitude earthquakes yet measured and commonly cause massive destruction and tsunamis?

A

Megathrust

67
Q

What plate subducts with a megathrust fault?

A

A megathrust fault is where denser oceanic crust drives down beneath less dense overlying crust.

68
Q

What type of fault?

A

Thrust Fault (Which is a type of reverse fault)

69
Q

Strike-Slip Faults

A

Strike-slip faults have side-to-side motion
Faulting that occurs with shear forces, typically on vertical fault planes as two fault blocks slide past each other.

They do not move up or down

70
Q

How is the direction of strike-slip movement determined?

A

The direction of strike-slip movement is determined by an observer standing on a block on one side of the fault. If the block on the opposing side of the fault moves left relative to the observer’s block, this is called sinistral motion. If the opposing block moves right, it is dextral motion.

71
Q

sinistral

A

A strike-slip or transform motion in which the relative motion is to the left. As viewed across the fault, objects will move to the left.

72
Q

dextral

A

Movement in a transform or strike-slip setting which it toward the right across the fault. As viewed across the fault, objects will move to the right.

73
Q

transpression

A

A segment along a transform or strike-slip fault which has a compressional component, sometimes creating related thrust faulting and mountains.

74
Q

transtension

A

A place along a transform or strike-slip fault with an extensional component, sometimes including normal faulting, basin formation, and volcanism.

75
Q

What type of fault is San Andreas Fault?

A

dextral, right-lateral strike-slip fault

76
Q

What type of fault is the Dead Sea fault in Jordan and Israel

A

sinistral, left-lateral strike-slip fault

77
Q

Flower Structure

A

A small area along a strike-slip or transform fault with branching structures of transpression/transtension, causing local hills or valleys.

78
Q

What type of fault is this?

A

Strike-Slip

Right or Dextral

79
Q

What type of fault?

A

Strike-Slip

Left or sinistral

80
Q

What type of fault?

A

Dextral

Right lateral

81
Q

What time of fault?

A

Reverse Fault

82
Q

In which type of fault does the hanging wall move down relative to the footwall?

A

Normal

In normal faults, produced by tension, the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall.

83
Q

Which fault type is the result of compression?

A

Reverse/thrust

Compression shortens and thickens material, creating reverse faults; thrust faults are low-angle reverse faults.

84
Q

Which fault type would be most prominent at a transform plate boundary?

A

Strike-slip

Transform plate boundaries are dominated by shear forces, which create strike-slip faults.

85
Q

What type of fault?

A

Normal fault

86
Q

What type of fault?

A

Reverse Fault (thrust fault)

87
Q

What type of fault?

A

Reverse Fault (thrust fault)

88
Q

What type of fault?

A

Strike Slip Fault

89
Q

What kind of fault is indicated by this focal mechanism?

A

Strike Slip Fault

90
Q

What kind of fault is indicated by this focal mechanism?

A

Reverse Fault

91
Q

What kind of fault is indicated by this focal mechanism?

A

Normal Fault

Earth Science (5 decks)

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