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NUTRITION > FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS (VITAMIN A, D, E, K) > Flashcards

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS (VITAMIN A, D, E, K) Flashcards

1
Q

Visual adaptation to light and darkness

A

VITAMIN A: RETINOL

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2
Q

Handling and preparation losses are seen with heating

A

DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN A: RETINOL

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3
Q

DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN A: RETINOL

A
  • Handling and preparation losses are seen with heating
  • Fruits and vegetables (dark green and deep orange)
  • Animal sources (fish, liver oils, butter, eggs, fortified milk products)
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4
Q

What are the RDA (VITAMIN A: RETINOL) for:
FEMALE =

A

RDA FOR FEMALE: 700 ug RAE/day

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5
Q

What are the RDA (VITAMIN A: RETINOL) for:
MALE =

A

RDA FOR MALE: 900 ug RAE/day

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6
Q

VITAMIN A: RETINOL is also measured in ___

A

IU

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7
Q

Four (4) DEFICIENCIES of VITAMIN A: RETINOL

A

*NIGHT BLINDESS
*KERATINIZATION
*XEROPHTHALMIA
*KERATOMALACIA

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8
Q

Lack of vitamin A at the back of the eye in the retina; major cause of childhood blindness in the world

A

NIGHT BLINDESS

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9
Q

Changes in cell structures throughout the body that result in hard, inflexible skin due to secretion of protein keratin

A

KERATINIZATION

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10
Q

Lack of Vitamin A at the front of the eye that affects the cornea and can lead to total blindness

A

XEROPHTHALMIA

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11
Q

Softening of the cornea occurs, leading to blindness that is irreversible

A

KERATOMALACIA

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12
Q

EXCESS of VITAMIN A: RETINOL

A
  • SYMPTOMS: HEADACHE, VOMITING, WEIGHT LOSS TO BIRTH DEFECTS AND BONE ABNORMALITIES
  • TERATOGENIC EFFECTS
  • YELLOWING OF SKIN
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13
Q

Healthy skin and mucous membranes depend in part on adequate amounts of _____

A

VITAMIN A: RETINOL

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14
Q

Regulate cell differentiation associated with reproduction and the immune response

A

VITAMIN A: RETINOL

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15
Q

___ metabolites exist in the body and are used to synthesize this vitamin, unlike other vitamins

A

VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

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16
Q

Regulation of calcium and phosphorus in the body

A

VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

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17
Q

Regulation by the kidney and parathyroid glands helps maintain _______ balance

A

VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

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18
Q

Sunlight activation enables _____ synthesis in the skin

A

VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

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19
Q

____ also works with other vitamins (__,___,__) hormones and minerals to affect bone growth

A

VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL
VITAMIN (A, C, K)

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20
Q

DIETARY SOURCES of VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

A
  • Found naturally in fish, liver and oils
  • Fortification of dairy products
  • Handling and preparation losses are seen with heating
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21
Q

What are the RDA (VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL) for:
MALE =

A

MALE = 5ug/day

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22
Q

What are the RDA (VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL) for:
FEMALE =

A

FEMALE = 5ug/day from 19-50 years

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23
Q

Four (4) DEFICIENCIES of VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

A
  • RICKETS
  • OSTEOMALACIA
  • DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS
  • ASSOCIATED OF OSTEOPOROSIS
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24
Q

Clinical deficiency state affecting children that results in structural deformities (bowed legs and pigeon breast) due to poor bone mineralization and growth retardation

A

RICKETS

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25
Q

Clinical deficiency state affecting adults that result in bone weakness, fragility and increased bone fractures

A

OSTEOMALACIA

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26
Q

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to development of osteoporosis in conjunction with calcium losses

A

DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS

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27
Q

Intestinal, liver or PTH hormone disorders, chronic pancreatitis, or renal disorders

A

ASSOCIATED OF OSTEOPOROSIS

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28
Q

______ is the clinical excess state that is associated with calcium deposits, growth retardation and kidney damage

A

Hypervitaminosis D

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29
Q

EXCESS of VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

A

Associated with increased levels of calcium that can upset hormone balance and result in endocrine dysfunction

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30
Q

Antioxidant Properties

A

VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL

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31
Q

Protects all cell membranes

A

VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL

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32
Q

Synergistic Effects

A

VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL

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33
Q

Effect on oxygen and blood exchange

A

VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL

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34
Q

What are the RDA (VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL) for:
FEMALE =

A

FEMALE = 15MG/DAY

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35
Q

What are the RDA (VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL) for:
MALE =

A

MALE = 15MG/DAY

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36
Q

HANDLING AND PREPARATION LOSSES ARE SEEN IN COOKING AND OXYGENATION

A

VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL

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37
Q

4 (FOUR) DEFICIENCIES of VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL

A
  • Erythrocyte hemolysis
  • Immunosuppressed or with fat malabsorption e.g. Cystic Fibrosis
  • Fertility and sterility issues
  • Neurological and muscular symptoms
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38
Q

EXCESS of VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL

A
  • Impairment of Absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins
  • High doses may potentiate anticoagulant effects of sodium warfarin
39
Q

Belong to a family called quinones

A

VITAMIN K: MENADIONE

40
Q

Clotting cascade—production of prothrombin—thrombin; fibrinogen-fibrin

A

VITAMIN K: MENADIONE

41
Q

Affects clotting factors (II, VII, IX and X) in the liver and is measured by PT

A

VITAMIN K: MENADIONE

41
Q

Bacteria in the intestines: synthesize vitamin K; requires bile acids to effectively function in the body

A

VITAMIN K: MENADIONE

42
Q

Newborns require Vitamin K injection at birth

A

VITAMIN K: MENADIONE

43
Q

Antagonist to the action of Warfarin

A

VITAMIN K: MENADIONE

44
Q

THREE (3) DEFICIENCIES of VITAMIN K: MENADIONE

A
  • Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn
  • Liver disease and fat malabsorption
  • Clients with long term antibiotic therapy: at risk for deficiency
45
Q

DIETARY SOURCES of VITAMIN K: MENADIONE

A
  • Dark green leafy vegetables
  • Cabbage, Milk
  • Bacterial synthesis in the intestines
46
Q

What are the RDA (VITAMIN K: MENADIONE) for:
FEMALE =

A

FEMALE = 90 ug/day

47
Q

What are the RDA (VITAMIN K: MENADIONE) for:
MALE =

A

MALE = 120 ug/day

48
Q

What are the EXCESS of VITAMIN K: MENADIONE

A
  • Anemia in Newborn (Along with Jaundice)
  • Blood clotting and release of bilirubin into the circulation can lead to toxic levels and possible brain damage
49
Q

What are the SIX (6) MAJOR MINERALS?

A
  1. SODIUM
  2. CHLORIDE
  3. POTASSIUM
  4. CALCIUM
  5. PHOSPHOROUS
  6. MAGNESIUM
50
Q

What are the TWO (2) MINOR (TRACE) MINERALS?

A
  1. IRON
  2. IODINE
51
Q

Pertain to the elements in their simple inorganic form.

52
Q

They are commonly referred to as mineral elements or trace minerals if required in small amounts

53
Q

Involved in fluid balance via antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone secretion

54
Q

Nerve transmission and neurological function (THINK BRAIN!) - critical for brain health)

55
Q

Maintain acid base balance in conjunction with chloride

56
Q

MAJOR CATION OF ECF (extracellular fluid). While major cation in the intracellular fluid is potassium.

57
Q

What is the RDA (IRON):
ADULTS:

A

ADULTS: 500 mg/day

58
Q

Another RDA of (IRON)

A

Clients be instructed not to routinely add salt to foods during cooking process

59
Q

DIETARY SOURCES of IRON

A
  • Processed or prepared foods
  • Preservative or flavoring agent in food products (salts etc)
  • Hidden sources (Medications)
60
Q

FIVE (5) DEFICIENCIES of IRON

A

SYMPTOMS
1. Nausea
2. Vomiting
3. Diarrhea
4. Muscle Cramps
5. Mental Status Changes (Confusion & Disorientation)

61
Q

EXCESS of IRON

A
  • Hypernatremia
  • Contributes to the development of edema and hypertension and lead to neurological signs
62
Q

Fluid balance; major anion of the ECF

63
Q

Acid base balance and moves across the cell membrane to interact with potassium

64
Q

Maintain gastric acidity (HCL)

65
Q

TWO (2) DEFICIENCIES of CHLORIDE

A
  • Infants with condition of failure to thrive
  • Losses occur through GI tract and result in dehydration and acid base imbalance
66
Q

RDA of CHLORIDE

A
  • 750 mg/day
  • Often linked with sodium in foods
67
Q

What are the EXCESS of CHLORIDE?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Not usually seen unless there is an underlying disease state
68
Q

It help rid your body of salt (sodium) and water. Can decrease edema and blood pressure.

69
Q

Important in nerve transmission and muscle contraction

70
Q

Maintain acid base balance by transcellular shifting in response to acid base changes in the body

71
Q

Cardiac muscle (THINK HEART!)

72
Q

MAJOR CATION OF THE ICF

73
Q

DIETARY SOURCES of POTASSIUM

A
  • Cooked dried beans, potatoes, banana, orange
  • Fresh fruits, less in processed foods
  • Large amounts of licorice in the diet can lead to hypokalemia and sodium water retention
74
Q

What are the FOUR (4) DEFICIENCIES of POTASSIUM?

A
  • Seen coexisting with deficiencies of other electrolytes (magnesium and calcium)
  • Do not usually rise from dietary factors
  • Seen usually from the use of certain medications that promote K+ excretion (LOOP DIURETICS – furosemide (Lasix))
  • Can potentiate drug actions as in the case of digitalis toxicity
75
Q

What are the TWO (2) EXCESS of POTASSIUM?

A
  • Do not usually arise from dietary ingestion unless clients use salt substitutes or k+ supplements
  • Certain medications can lead to retained levels of potassium in the body such as ace inhibitors, steroids, and potassium sparing diuretics (spironolactone (Aldactone))
76
Q

RDA of POTASSIUM

A

ADULTS: 2000 MG/DAY

77
Q

Constituent part of bones and teeth

78
Q

Nerve conduction (neurotransmitter) and muscle contraction (actin/myosin)

79
Q

Coagulation pathway

80
Q

Active and inactive forms exist in the body (ionized and nonionized)

81
Q

Phosphorus – inverse relationship

82
Q

PTH (parathyroid hormone) – increases serum ca+

83
Q

CALCITONIN – decreases s. Ca+

84
Q

What are the EIGHT (8) DEIFICIENCIES of CALCIUM?

A
  • PHYTATES – decreases calcium absorption (nuts, seeds, grains)
  • OXALATES – decreases calcium absorption (spinach, beets, chocolate)
  • HIGH FIBER – decreases Ca+ absorption
  • Clinical signs: CHVOSTEK (facial nerve grimace) and
    TROUSSEAU (carpopedal spasm)
  • Associated deficiencies seen with potassium and magnesium
  • Development of tetany
  • Osteoporosis
  • Bone demineralization, relaxed nerve and muscle coordination
85
Q

decreases calcium absorption (nuts, seeds, grains)

86
Q

decreases calcium absorption (spinach, beets, chocolate)

87
Q

decreases Ca+ absorption

A

HIGH FIBER

88
Q

(facial nerve grimace)

89
Q

(carpopedal spasm)

90
Q

DIETARY SOURCES of CALCIUM

A
  • Sardines, milk, dairy
91
Q

RDA of CALCIUM

A
  • AI = 1000 mg/day for adults (19-50 yo) 1500 mg/day for adults 51 years and over
92
Q

FOUR (4) EXCESS of CALCIUM

A
  • Metastatic process or kidney stone formation
  • Constipation
  • MILK-ALKALI SYNDROME - alkalotic condition due to increased amounts of milk or antacid
  • Hypercalcemic crisis

NUTRITION (1 decks)

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