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NUTRITION > FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS (VITAMIN A, D, E, K) > Flashcards

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS (VITAMIN A, D, E, K) Flashcards

1
Q

Visual adaptation to light and darkness

A

VITAMIN A: RETINOL

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2
Q

Handling and preparation losses are seen with heating

A

DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN A: RETINOL

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3
Q

DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN A: RETINOL

A
  • Handling and preparation losses are seen with heating
  • Fruits and vegetables (dark green and deep orange)
  • Animal sources (fish, liver oils, butter, eggs, fortified milk products)
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4
Q

What are the RDA (VITAMIN A: RETINOL) for:
FEMALE =

A

RDA FOR FEMALE: 700 ug RAE/day

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5
Q

What are the RDA (VITAMIN A: RETINOL) for:
MALE =

A

RDA FOR MALE: 900 ug RAE/day

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6
Q

VITAMIN A: RETINOL is also measured in ___

A

IU

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7
Q

Four (4) DEFICIENCIES of VITAMIN A: RETINOL

A

*NIGHT BLINDESS
*KERATINIZATION
*XEROPHTHALMIA
*KERATOMALACIA

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8
Q

Lack of vitamin A at the back of the eye in the retina; major cause of childhood blindness in the world

A

NIGHT BLINDESS

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9
Q

Changes in cell structures throughout the body that result in hard, inflexible skin due to secretion of protein keratin

A

KERATINIZATION

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10
Q

Lack of Vitamin A at the front of the eye that affects the cornea and can lead to total blindness

A

XEROPHTHALMIA

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11
Q

Softening of the cornea occurs, leading to blindness that is irreversible

A

KERATOMALACIA

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12
Q

EXCESS of VITAMIN A: RETINOL

A
  • SYMPTOMS: HEADACHE, VOMITING, WEIGHT LOSS TO BIRTH DEFECTS AND BONE ABNORMALITIES
  • TERATOGENIC EFFECTS
  • YELLOWING OF SKIN
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13
Q

Healthy skin and mucous membranes depend in part on adequate amounts of _____

A

VITAMIN A: RETINOL

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14
Q

Regulate cell differentiation associated with reproduction and the immune response

A

VITAMIN A: RETINOL

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15
Q

___ metabolites exist in the body and are used to synthesize this vitamin, unlike other vitamins

A

VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

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16
Q

Regulation of calcium and phosphorus in the body

A

VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

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17
Q

Regulation by the kidney and parathyroid glands helps maintain _______ balance

A

VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

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18
Q

Sunlight activation enables _____ synthesis in the skin

A

VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

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19
Q

____ also works with other vitamins (__,___,__) hormones and minerals to affect bone growth

A

VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL
VITAMIN (A, C, K)

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20
Q

DIETARY SOURCES of VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

A
  • Found naturally in fish, liver and oils
  • Fortification of dairy products
  • Handling and preparation losses are seen with heating
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21
Q

What are the RDA (VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL) for:
MALE =

A

MALE = 5ug/day

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22
Q

What are the RDA (VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL) for:
FEMALE =

A

FEMALE = 5ug/day from 19-50 years

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23
Q

Four (4) DEFICIENCIES of VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL

A
  • RICKETS
  • OSTEOMALACIA
  • DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS
  • ASSOCIATED OF OSTEOPOROSIS
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24
Q

Clinical deficiency state affecting children that results in structural deformities (bowed legs and pigeon breast) due to poor bone mineralization and growth retardation

A

RICKETS

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25
Clinical deficiency state affecting adults that result in bone weakness, fragility and increased bone fractures
OSTEOMALACIA
26
Vitamin D deficiency can lead to development of osteoporosis in conjunction with calcium losses
DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS
27
Intestinal, liver or PTH hormone disorders, chronic pancreatitis, or renal disorders
ASSOCIATED OF OSTEOPOROSIS
28
______ is the clinical excess state that is associated with calcium deposits, growth retardation and kidney damage
Hypervitaminosis D
29
EXCESS of VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL
Associated with increased levels of calcium that can upset hormone balance and result in endocrine dysfunction
30
Antioxidant Properties
VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL
31
Protects all cell membranes
VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL
32
Synergistic Effects
VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL
33
Effect on oxygen and blood exchange
VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL
34
What are the RDA (VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL) for: FEMALE =
FEMALE = 15MG/DAY
35
What are the RDA (VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL) for: MALE =
MALE = 15MG/DAY
36
HANDLING AND PREPARATION LOSSES ARE SEEN IN COOKING AND OXYGENATION
VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL
37
4 (FOUR) DEFICIENCIES of VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL
* Erythrocyte hemolysis * Immunosuppressed or with fat malabsorption e.g. Cystic Fibrosis * Fertility and sterility issues * Neurological and muscular symptoms
38
EXCESS of VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL
* Impairment of Absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins * High doses may potentiate anticoagulant effects of sodium warfarin
39
Belong to a family called quinones
VITAMIN K: MENADIONE
40
Clotting cascade—production of prothrombin—thrombin; fibrinogen-fibrin
VITAMIN K: MENADIONE
41
Affects clotting factors (II, VII, IX and X) in the liver and is measured by PT
VITAMIN K: MENADIONE
41
Bacteria in the intestines: synthesize vitamin K; requires bile acids to effectively function in the body
VITAMIN K: MENADIONE
42
Newborns require Vitamin K injection at birth
VITAMIN K: MENADIONE
43
Antagonist to the action of Warfarin
VITAMIN K: MENADIONE
44
THREE (3) DEFICIENCIES of VITAMIN K: MENADIONE
* Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn * Liver disease and fat malabsorption * Clients with long term antibiotic therapy: at risk for deficiency
45
DIETARY SOURCES of VITAMIN K: MENADIONE
* Dark green leafy vegetables * Cabbage, Milk * Bacterial synthesis in the intestines
46
What are the RDA (VITAMIN K: MENADIONE) for: FEMALE =
FEMALE = 90 ug/day
47
What are the RDA (VITAMIN K: MENADIONE) for: MALE =
MALE = 120 ug/day
48
What are the EXCESS of VITAMIN K: MENADIONE
* Anemia in Newborn (Along with Jaundice) * Blood clotting and release of bilirubin into the circulation can lead to toxic levels and possible brain damage
49
What are the SIX (6) MAJOR MINERALS?
1. SODIUM 2. CHLORIDE 3. POTASSIUM 4. CALCIUM 5. PHOSPHOROUS 6. MAGNESIUM
50
What are the TWO (2) MINOR (TRACE) MINERALS?
1. IRON 2. IODINE
51
Pertain to the elements in their simple inorganic form.
MINERALS
52
They are commonly referred to as mineral elements or trace minerals if required in small amounts
MINERALS
53
Involved in fluid balance via antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone secretion
IRON
54
Nerve transmission and neurological function (THINK BRAIN!) - critical for brain health)
IRON
55
Maintain acid base balance in conjunction with chloride
IRON
56
MAJOR CATION OF ECF (extracellular fluid). While major cation in the intracellular fluid is potassium.
IRON
57
What is the RDA (IRON): ADULTS:
ADULTS: 500 mg/day
58
Another RDA of (IRON)
Clients be instructed not to routinely add salt to foods during cooking process
59
DIETARY SOURCES of IRON
* Processed or prepared foods * Preservative or flavoring agent in food products (salts etc) * Hidden sources (Medications)
60
FIVE (5) DEFICIENCIES of IRON
SYMPTOMS 1. Nausea 2. Vomiting 3. Diarrhea 4. Muscle Cramps 5. Mental Status Changes (Confusion & Disorientation)
61
EXCESS of IRON
* Hypernatremia * Contributes to the development of edema and hypertension and lead to neurological signs
62
Fluid balance; major anion of the ECF
CHLORIDE
63
Acid base balance and moves across the cell membrane to interact with potassium
CHLORIDE
64
Maintain gastric acidity (HCL)
CHLORIDE
65
TWO (2) DEFICIENCIES of CHLORIDE
* Infants with condition of failure to thrive * Losses occur through GI tract and result in dehydration and acid base imbalance
66
RDA of CHLORIDE
* 750 mg/day * Often linked with sodium in foods
67
What are the EXCESS of CHLORIDE?
* Vomiting * Not usually seen unless there is an underlying disease state
68
It help rid your body of salt (sodium) and water. Can decrease edema and blood pressure.
DIURETICS
69
Important in nerve transmission and muscle contraction
POTASSIUM
70
Maintain acid base balance by transcellular shifting in response to acid base changes in the body
POTASSIUM
71
Cardiac muscle (THINK HEART!)
POTASSIUM
72
MAJOR CATION OF THE ICF
POTASSIUM
73
DIETARY SOURCES of POTASSIUM
* Cooked dried beans, potatoes, banana, orange * Fresh fruits, less in processed foods * Large amounts of licorice in the diet can lead to hypokalemia and sodium water retention
74
What are the FOUR (4) DEFICIENCIES of POTASSIUM?
* Seen coexisting with deficiencies of other electrolytes (magnesium and calcium) * Do not usually rise from dietary factors * Seen usually from the use of certain medications that promote K+ excretion (LOOP DIURETICS – furosemide (Lasix)) * Can potentiate drug actions as in the case of digitalis toxicity
75
What are the TWO (2) EXCESS of POTASSIUM?
* Do not usually arise from dietary ingestion unless clients use salt substitutes or k+ supplements * Certain medications can lead to retained levels of potassium in the body such as ace inhibitors, steroids, and potassium sparing diuretics (spironolactone (Aldactone))
76
RDA of POTASSIUM
ADULTS: 2000 MG/DAY
77
Constituent part of bones and teeth
CALCIUM
78
Nerve conduction (neurotransmitter) and muscle contraction (actin/myosin)
CALCIUM
79
Coagulation pathway
CALCIUM
80
Active and inactive forms exist in the body (ionized and nonionized)
CALCIUM
81
Phosphorus – inverse relationship
CALCIUM
82
PTH (parathyroid hormone) – increases serum ca+
CALCIUM
83
CALCITONIN – decreases s. Ca+
CALCIUM
84
What are the EIGHT (8) DEIFICIENCIES of CALCIUM?
* PHYTATES – decreases calcium absorption (nuts, seeds, grains) * OXALATES – decreases calcium absorption (spinach, beets, chocolate) * HIGH FIBER – decreases Ca+ absorption * Clinical signs: CHVOSTEK (facial nerve grimace) and TROUSSEAU (carpopedal spasm) * Associated deficiencies seen with potassium and magnesium * Development of tetany * Osteoporosis * Bone demineralization, relaxed nerve and muscle coordination
85
decreases calcium absorption (nuts, seeds, grains)
PHYTATES
86
decreases calcium absorption (spinach, beets, chocolate)
OXALATES
87
decreases Ca+ absorption
HIGH FIBER
88
(facial nerve grimace)
CHVOSTEK
89
(carpopedal spasm)
TROUSSEAU
90
DIETARY SOURCES of CALCIUM
* Sardines, milk, dairy
91
RDA of CALCIUM
* AI = 1000 mg/day for adults (19-50 yo) 1500 mg/day for adults 51 years and over
92
FOUR (4) EXCESS of CALCIUM
* Metastatic process or kidney stone formation * Constipation * MILK-ALKALI SYNDROME - alkalotic condition due to increased amounts of milk or antacid * Hypercalcemic crisis
93

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