Fat-soluble vitamins

Question 1

Vitamin A structure

Answer 1

All trans retinol with B-iodine ring and poly unsaturated side chain + special group

Question 2

Vitamin A special groups

Answer 2

Retinol: alcohol, Retinal: aldehyde, Retinoic acid: carboxyl group, Retinyl ester: stored attached to fat

Question 3

Carotenoid characteristics

Answer 3

Precursor to vitamin A, lipid soluble, red/orange/yellow pigment

Question 4

Carotenoid structure

Answer 4

B-carotene in half makes 2 retinals

Question 5

Three carotenoids

Answer 5

B-carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin

Question 6

Main form of vitamin A found in food

Answer 6

Retinyl palmitate (ester)

Question 7

Vitamin A food sources

Answer 7

Animal products, fortified grains

Question 8

Carotenoid food sources

Answer 8

Plant products

Question 9

Vitamin A functions

Answer 9

1. Vision (retinal), 2. Gene expression (retinoic acid), 3. Growth (retinol)

Question 10

Carotenoid functions

Answer 10

1. Antioxidant role (“quenches” free radicals), 2. Eye health, 3. Heart disease prevention

Question 11

Vitamin A RDA

Answer 11

Men 900 ug/day, Women 700 ug/day

Question 12

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms

Answer 12

night blindness, increase in infections, and slow growth

Question 13

Vitamin A TUL

Answer 13

3000 ug/day for free form of vitamin A (hypervitaminosis A);

Question 14

Vitamin A toxicity symptoms

Answer 14

Acute- nausea, vomiting, double vision; Chronic- hair loss, muscle pain, liver damage

Question 15

Vitamin A toxicity disorder

Answer 15

Teratogenic= causes birth defects

Question 16

Vitamin E structure

Answer 16

8 compounds all with a phenolic/chromanol ring attached to phytyl side

Question 17

Vitamin E food source

Answer 17

Plants, nuts, seeds, plants oils; fat tissue of animals

Question 18

Vitamin E functions

Answer 18

1. Antioxidant activity, 2. Heart disease prevention, 3. Cataracts/cancer

Question 19

Vitamin E RDA

Answer 19

15 mg/day for men and women

Question 20

Vitamin E deficiency

Answer 20

hemolytic anemia

Question 21

Vitamin E TUL

Answer 21

1000 mg/day; increased bleeding

Question 22

Vitamin K structure

Answer 22

Naphthoquinone ring structure

Question 23

Vitamin K biologically active forms

Answer 23

Menadione (synthetic), Phylloquinone, Menaquinone

Question 24

Vitamin K food sources

Answer 24

Plant products (leafy green vegetables), some meat

Question 25

Vitamin K cooking

Answer 25

20-30% loss with heating; raw vegetables are best

Question 26

Vitamin K functions

Answer 26

Blood clotting and bone formation/osteoporosis prevention

Question 27

Vitamin K AI

Answer 27

120 ug/day (men), 90 ug/day (women)

Question 28

Vitamin K deficiency

Answer 28

Increased prothrombin levels and uncontrollable bleeding; occurs in people with fat malabsorption, new borns, and chronic antibiotic users

Question 29

Vitamin K toxicity

Answer 29

No TUL; Menadione can cause liver damage, jaundice

Question 30

Vitamin A deficiency syndrome

Answer 30

Xerophthalmia