Fat soluble vitamins

Question 1

describe the process of digestion/absorption of fat-soluable vitamins?

Answer 1

• get absorbed into micelle whole
• micelle travels into enterocyte and becomes a chylomicron
• the chlyomicron gets absorbed into the lacteal and into the lymphatic system
• gets escorted by dietary fat

Question 2

what are provitamins?

Answer 2

a vitamin precursor that is converted to the vitamin in the body

Question 3

what is a preformed vitamin

Answer 3

the complete form of a vitamin

Question 4

what is hypervitaminosis?

Answer 4

vitamin toxicity

Question 5

what is considered a mega-dose?

Answer 5

10x the DRI for something

Question 6

what is fortfication?

Answer 6

added vitamins and minerals that are not naturally present/present at that level in a food

Question 7

what is enrichment?

Answer 7

a form of fortification where vitamins are added back into refined foods to bring it back to the “natural composition”

Question 8

what is bioavaliability?

Answer 8

the degree to which a nutrient is absorbed from food and used by the body

Question 9

true/false: fat soluable vitamins are more likely to be bioavaliable compared to water soluable vitamins?

Answer 9

false - fat soluable vitamins are less likely to be bioavaliable compared to water soluable vitamins

Question 10

what are antioxidants?

Answer 10

compounds that neutralize free radicals

Question 11

what are the fat soluable vitamins?

Answer 11

• vitamin A
• vitamin D
• vitamin E
• vitamin K

Question 12

what are the different forms of vitamin A?

Answer 12

retinoids (preformed vitamin A) and carotenoids (provitamin A)

Question 13

what are the differnet forms of retinoids?

Answer 13

• retinol
• retinal
• retinoic acid

Question 14

what are the different forms of carotenoids?

Answer 14

• alpha-carotene
• beta-carotene
• beta-cryptoxanthin

Question 15

what is the form of vitamin A that is found in the liver?

Answer 15

retinyl ester

Question 16

what are the functions of vitamin A?

Answer 16

• vision
• reproduction - necessary for sperm cell development
• immunity - decreased risk of infectious disease
• cell growth and developement
• increased bone health

Question 17

what is the recommended intake for vitamin A?

Answer 17

• males = 900 micrograms
• females = 700 micrograms

Question 18

what are the symptoms/conditions associated with vitamin A toxicity

Answer 18

• non-threatening carotenodermia = skin turns yellow
• liver damage
• increased risk of birth defects
• increased risk of osteoporosis

Question 19

what are the symptoms/conditions associated with vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 19

• night blindess
• xerophtalmia = dryness and permanent damage to the cornea of the eye
• keratinazation = cells become keratinized (hard) and are unable to produce mucus
• increased risk of infection

Question 20

what is the family name for vitamin D?

Answer 20

calciferol

Question 21

what are the two forms of vitamin D?

Answer 21

• ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)
• cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

Question 22

vitamin D activation occurs in the ____

Answer 22

liver and kidneys

Question 23

what are the functions of vitamin D?

Answer 23

• maintaining bone mass
• aiding in the absorption of calcium

Question 24

what are the symptoms/conditions of vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 24

• increased cancer incidence
• increased insulin resistance
• decreased blood pressure regulation
• issues with bone health and bone density

Question 25

what is rickets?

Answer 25

bowed legs in children; bones are inadequately mineralized

Question 26

what is osteomalacia?

Answer 26

bowed legs in adult; bones are inadequately mineralized

Question 27

what is the RDA for vitamin D

Answer 27

600-800 IU (adults)

Question 28

what is considered vitamin D toxicity?

Answer 28

4,000 IU

Question 29

what are the symptoms/conditions associated with vitamin D toxicity?

Answer 29

* loss of appetite * nausea * vomiting * constipation * loss of bone calcium due to overabsorption

Question 30

where is vitamin D stored?

Answer 30

in the adipocytes

Question 31

what are the functions of vitamin E?

Answer 31

* antioxidant - prevents LDL oxidation * cell membrane health - donates electron to neutralize free radicals at cell membrane * decreases stickiness of blood vessels * anticoagulant

Question 32

what is the UL for vitamin E?

Answer 32

1000 milligrams

Question 33

what are the symptoms/conditions associated with vitamin E deficiency?

Answer 33

* nerve and muscle weakness * cell membrane damage

Question 34

describe the connection between vitamin A and vision?

Answer 34

* rhodopsin (rods) and iodopsin (cones) are proteins that turn light into visual images *these proteins cannot function without vitamin A * light hits the retinal cell changing its shape, which causes the protein to detach (bleaching) * when bleaching occurs a signal is sent to the optic nerve

Question 35

what are the two forms of vitamin K?

Answer 35

* phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and menaquinone (vitamin K2)

Question 36

what is the function of vitamin K

Answer 36

coagulation (blood clotting)

Question 37

what is the DRI for vitamin K?

Answer 37

* AI: 90-120 micrograms/day

Question 38

what is the difference betwen the two forms of vitamin K?

Answer 38

* vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is provided through plant based foods * vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is produced by colonic bacteria

Question 39

what are some food sources of vitamin A?

Answer 39

* milk * eggs * cheese * organ meat (liver) * cereals

Question 40

what are some food sources of provitamin A?

Answer 40

* carrots * sweet potatoes * spinach

Question 41

what are some food sources of vitamin D?

Answer 41

* fortified dairy * breakfast cereals * fatty fish

Question 42

what are some food sources of vitamin E?

Answer 42

* vegetable oils * nuts and seeds * avocados

Question 43

what are some food sources of vitamin K?

Answer 43

* leafy greens * green cabbage * brussel sprouts