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SPP Pharmacology > Fat-Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Fat-Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins and why are they essential for the body?

A

Vitamins are essential nutrients needed by the body in small amounts to maintain normal bodily functions.

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2
Q

What are the potential health impacts of vitamin deficiencies and excess?

A

Deficiencies of vitamins prevent the body from operating at full capacity, while excess vitamins can be toxic.

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3
Q

How are vitamins classified?

A

Vitamins are classified into water-soluble and fat-soluble categories.

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4
Q

Why do water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water before the body can absorb them?

A

Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water before the body can absorb them.

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5
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissue.

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6
Q

Why do fat-soluble vitamins last longer in the body compared to water-soluble vitamins?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins last longer in the body because they are not needed every day and can be stored until required.

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7
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed and excreted?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the small intestine with dietary fat and are excreted slowly.

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8
Q

What are the risks associated with the toxicity of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Toxicity risks arise because fat-soluble vitamins are stored longer and not excreted quickly, leading to potential imbalances.

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9
Q

How do fat-soluble substances get absorbed by the body?

A

Fat-soluble substances are absorbed by the body through the lymphatic system.

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10
Q

In which tissues are fat-soluble vitamins stored?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and adipose tissue.

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11
Q

How do fat-soluble vitamins accumulate to toxic levels?

A

They accumulate to toxic levels if consumed in excess because they are stored in the body’s fatty tissues and liver.

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12
Q

Which organs are primarily responsible for the storage of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

The liver and adipose tissue are primarily responsible for the storage of fat-soluble vitamins.

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13
Q

How does vitamin A contribute to vision and immune function?

A

Vitamin A helps with good vision, immune function, and reproductive systems, and is essential for bone growth and tooth development.

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14
Q

What roles does vitamin A play in bone growth and tooth development?

A

Vitamin A helps in forming and maintaining healthy teeth, skeletal and soft tissue, mucus membranes, and skin.

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15
Q

How does vitamin D contribute to bone health?

A

Vitamin D, along with calcium, keeps bones strong and helps prevent diseases such as rickets and osteoporosis.

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16
Q

What is the role of vitamin E as an antioxidant?

A

Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant that protects the body from free radicals and boosts the immune system.

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17
Q

How does vitamin K facilitate blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K allows the blood to clot and helps in making proteins for healthy bones and tissues.

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18
Q

What are the general functions of fat-soluble vitamins in the body?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins act as antioxidants and play roles in bone health, blood clotting, and immune function.

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19
Q

What is the primary function of vitamin A in the retina?

A

Vitamin A produces pigments in the retina, essential for good eyesight, especially in low light.

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20
Q

Which foods are good sources of vitamin A?

A

Good sources of vitamin A include liver, butter, whole milk, egg yolks, mangos, papaya, carrots, cantaloupes, sweet potatoes, and maize.

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21
Q

How are carotenoids converted to vitamin A in the body?

A

The body converts certain carotenoids, especially beta-carotene, to vitamin A.

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22
Q

What are the main sources of vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D sources include liver, butter, fatty fish, and egg yolks.

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23
Q

How does vitamin D promote calcium absorption?

A

Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the gut, maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations, and prevents involuntary muscle contraction.

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency include fatigue, bone pain, depression, hair loss, muscle weakness, and frequent illness.

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25
What are the potential consequences of vitamin D toxicity?
Vitamin D toxicity can cause hypercalcemia, leading to nausea, vomiting, weakness, and frequent urination.
26
What is the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin D?
The RDA for vitamin D is 15 mcg per day for children and adults, and 25 mcg per day for those over 70.
27
How does vitamin E protect cell membranes from oxidative damage?
Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidative damage.
28
Which foods are rich in vitamin E?
Rich sources of vitamin E include vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and wheat germ.
29
What are the signs of vitamin E deficiency?
Signs of vitamin E deficiency include nerve and muscle damage, loss of body movement control, muscle weakness, and vision problems.
30
How can vitamin E be administered aside from oral intake?
Vitamin E can also be administered parenterally through intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal injection.
31
What is the upper limit for vitamin E supplementation in adults?
The upper limit for vitamin E supplementation in adults is 1,000 mg/day for supplements.
32
What role does vitamin K play in bone health?
Vitamin K helps to make various proteins needed for blood clotting and building bones.
33
Which foods are good sources of vitamin K?
Good sources of vitamin K include green leafy vegetables, soybean and canola oil, and fermented soybeans.
34
What are the recommended daily allowances for vitamin K in men and women?
The RDA for vitamin K is 120 mcg per day for men and 90 mcg per day for women.
35
What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?
Symptoms of vitamin K deficiency include significant bleeding, poor bone development, and increased cardiovascular risk.
36
What is the impact of vitamin K on cardiovascular health?
Vitamin K deficiency can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
37
How do fat-soluble vitamins regulate gene expression and cell differentiation?
Fat-soluble vitamins regulate gene expression and cell differentiation.
38
How does vitamin A deficiency affect vision?
Vitamin A deficiency can cause poor night vision and vision loss.
39
What is rhodopsin and its role in vision?
Rhodopsin is a G-protein coupled receptor in the retina, functioning as the primary photoreceptor molecule of vision.
40
How is retinol stored and transported in the body?
Retinol is stored in the liver as retinol palmitate and transported by retinol binding proteins.
41
What are the signs of vitamin A toxicity?
Signs of vitamin A toxicity include dry skin, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, dizziness, blurred vision, and slowed growth.
42
What are the functions of retinol binding proteins (RBP)?
Retinol binding proteins transport retinol to where it is needed in the body.
43
How is beta-carotene metabolized in the body?
Beta-carotene is metabolized in the small intestine, producing retinal which is stored in the liver as retinol palmitate.
44
What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency include night blindness and decreased resistance to infections.
45
What are the sources of vitamin A in animal and plant foods?
Sources of vitamin A in animal foods include liver, butter, whole milk, and egg yolks; in plant foods, sources include orange or dark green fruits and vegetables.
46
What is the active form of vitamin D in the body?
The active form of vitamin D in the body is calcitriol.
47
How does sunlight contribute to vitamin D synthesis?
Sunlight contributes to vitamin D synthesis by converting 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3 in the skin.
48
How does vitamin D deficiency lead to bone diseases?
Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
49
What are the common dietary sources of vitamin D?
Common dietary sources of vitamin D include liver, butter, fatty fish, and egg yolks.
50
How does vitamin D toxicity manifest in the body?
Vitamin D toxicity can cause hypercalcemia, leading to nausea, vomiting, and weakness.
51
How is vitamin D hydroxylated in the liver and kidney?
Vitamin D is hydroxylated in the liver to form 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which is further hydroxylated in the kidney to form calcitriol.
52
What are the recommended intake levels for vitamin D in different age groups?
The recommended intake levels for vitamin D are 15 mcg per day for children and adults, and 20 mcg per day for those over 70.
53
How does vitamin E support immune function?
Vitamin E supports immune function by acting as an antioxidant.
54
What are the primary sources of tocopherols in the diet?
Primary sources of tocopherols in the diet include vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and wheat germ.
55
How does vitamin E deficiency affect nerve and muscle function?
Vitamin E deficiency affects nerve and muscle function, causing weakness and loss of muscle mass.
56
What are the potential risks of high-dose vitamin E supplements?
High-dose vitamin E supplements can increase the risk of bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke.
57
What is the role of phylloquinone in the body?
Phylloquinone, also known as vitamin K1, plays a role in blood clotting.
58
How do gut bacteria contribute to vitamin K synthesis?
Gut bacteria contribute to vitamin K synthesis by producing menaquinones, also known as vitamin K2.
59
What is the relationship between vitamin K and prothrombin?
Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin, a protein and clotting factor in the blood.
60
How does osteocalcin depend on vitamin K?
Osteocalcin is a vitamin K-dependent protein that binds calcium in bones.
61
What are the main dietary sources of vitamin K?
Main dietary sources of vitamin K include green leafy vegetables and fermented soybeans.
62
How does vitamin K deficiency affect bone development?
Vitamin K deficiency can affect bone development, leading to conditions like osteoporosis.
63
What are the functions of vitamin K in the body?
Functions of vitamin K include promoting blood clotting and maintaining bone health.
64
What is the impact of vitamin K toxicity?
Vitamin K toxicity is rare, but it can interfere with anticoagulant medications.
65
How are fat-soluble vitamins different from water-soluble vitamins in terms of storage and excretion?
Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's fatty tissues and liver, while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and are excreted through urine.
66
Why are fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity because they are stored in the body and not excreted quickly.
67
What is the process of vitamin D metabolism in the body?
Vitamin D metabolism involves conversion to its active form in the liver and kidneys.
68
How does vitamin A contribute to reproductive health?
Vitamin A contributes to reproductive health by supporting the growth and differentiation of cells.
69
What are the dietary sources of carotenoids?
Dietary sources of carotenoids include orange or dark green fruits and vegetables.
70
How is retinol produced from beta-carotene in the body?
Retinol is produced from beta-carotene through enzymatic conversion in the small intestine.
71
What are the symptoms of hypervitaminosis A?
Symptoms of hypervitaminosis A include dry skin, headache, nausea, and dizziness.
72
How does vitamin D affect muscle function?
Vitamin D affects muscle function by helping with calcium absorption and maintaining muscle strength.
73
What are the signs of vitamin D deficiency in children?
Signs of vitamin D deficiency in children include rickets and delayed growth.
74
What are the primary functions of alpha-tocopherol?
Primary functions of alpha-tocopherol include protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage.
75
How does vitamin E protect polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative damage.
76
What are the dietary sources of tocotrienols?
Dietary sources of tocotrienols include palm oil, rice bran oil, and barley.
77
How is vitamin E administered parenterally?
Vitamin E can be administered parenterally through intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal injection.
78
What are the common symptoms of vitamin E toxicity?
Common symptoms of vitamin E toxicity include nausea, diarrhea, and muscle weakness.
79
What is the role of menaquinones in the body?
Menaquinones, also known as vitamin K2, play roles in bone health and cardiovascular health.
80
How does vitamin K affect blood clotting?
Vitamin K affects blood clotting by activating proteins involved in the clotting process.

SPP Pharmacology (1 decks)

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