Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SPP Pharmacology > Fat-Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Fat-Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins and why are they essential for the body?

A

Vitamins are essential nutrients needed by the body in small amounts to maintain normal bodily functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the potential health impacts of vitamin deficiencies and excess?

A

Deficiencies of vitamins prevent the body from operating at full capacity, while excess vitamins can be toxic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are vitamins classified?

A

Vitamins are classified into water-soluble and fat-soluble categories.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water before the body can absorb them?

A

Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water before the body can absorb them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why do fat-soluble vitamins last longer in the body compared to water-soluble vitamins?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins last longer in the body because they are not needed every day and can be stored until required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed and excreted?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the small intestine with dietary fat and are excreted slowly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the risks associated with the toxicity of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Toxicity risks arise because fat-soluble vitamins are stored longer and not excreted quickly, leading to potential imbalances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do fat-soluble substances get absorbed by the body?

A

Fat-soluble substances are absorbed by the body through the lymphatic system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In which tissues are fat-soluble vitamins stored?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and adipose tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do fat-soluble vitamins accumulate to toxic levels?

A

They accumulate to toxic levels if consumed in excess because they are stored in the body’s fatty tissues and liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which organs are primarily responsible for the storage of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

The liver and adipose tissue are primarily responsible for the storage of fat-soluble vitamins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does vitamin A contribute to vision and immune function?

A

Vitamin A helps with good vision, immune function, and reproductive systems, and is essential for bone growth and tooth development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What roles does vitamin A play in bone growth and tooth development?

A

Vitamin A helps in forming and maintaining healthy teeth, skeletal and soft tissue, mucus membranes, and skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does vitamin D contribute to bone health?

A

Vitamin D, along with calcium, keeps bones strong and helps prevent diseases such as rickets and osteoporosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of vitamin E as an antioxidant?

A

Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant that protects the body from free radicals and boosts the immune system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does vitamin K facilitate blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K allows the blood to clot and helps in making proteins for healthy bones and tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the general functions of fat-soluble vitamins in the body?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins act as antioxidants and play roles in bone health, blood clotting, and immune function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the primary function of vitamin A in the retina?

A

Vitamin A produces pigments in the retina, essential for good eyesight, especially in low light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which foods are good sources of vitamin A?

A

Good sources of vitamin A include liver, butter, whole milk, egg yolks, mangos, papaya, carrots, cantaloupes, sweet potatoes, and maize.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are carotenoids converted to vitamin A in the body?

A

The body converts certain carotenoids, especially beta-carotene, to vitamin A.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the main sources of vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D sources include liver, butter, fatty fish, and egg yolks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does vitamin D promote calcium absorption?

A

Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the gut, maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations, and prevents involuntary muscle contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency include fatigue, bone pain, depression, hair loss, muscle weakness, and frequent illness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the potential consequences of vitamin D toxicity?

A

Vitamin D toxicity can cause hypercalcemia, leading to nausea, vomiting, weakness, and frequent urination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin D?

A

The RDA for vitamin D is 15 mcg per day for children and adults, and 25 mcg per day for those over 70.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does vitamin E protect cell membranes from oxidative damage?

A

Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidative damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which foods are rich in vitamin E?

A

Rich sources of vitamin E include vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and wheat germ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the signs of vitamin E deficiency?

A

Signs of vitamin E deficiency include nerve and muscle damage, loss of body movement control, muscle weakness, and vision problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How can vitamin E be administered aside from oral intake?

A

Vitamin E can also be administered parenterally through intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal injection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the upper limit for vitamin E supplementation in adults?

A

The upper limit for vitamin E supplementation in adults is 1,000 mg/day for supplements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What role does vitamin K play in bone health?

A

Vitamin K helps to make various proteins needed for blood clotting and building bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which foods are good sources of vitamin K?

A

Good sources of vitamin K include green leafy vegetables, soybean and canola oil, and fermented soybeans.

34
Q

What are the recommended daily allowances for vitamin K in men and women?

A

The RDA for vitamin K is 120 mcg per day for men and 90 mcg per day for women.

35
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?

A

Symptoms of vitamin K deficiency include significant bleeding, poor bone development, and increased cardiovascular risk.

36
Q

What is the impact of vitamin K on cardiovascular health?

A

Vitamin K deficiency can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

37
Q

How do fat-soluble vitamins regulate gene expression and cell differentiation?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins regulate gene expression and cell differentiation.

38
Q

How does vitamin A deficiency affect vision?

A

Vitamin A deficiency can cause poor night vision and vision loss.

39
Q

What is rhodopsin and its role in vision?

A

Rhodopsin is a G-protein coupled receptor in the retina, functioning as the primary photoreceptor molecule of vision.

40
Q

How is retinol stored and transported in the body?

A

Retinol is stored in the liver as retinol palmitate and transported by retinol binding proteins.

41
Q

What are the signs of vitamin A toxicity?

A

Signs of vitamin A toxicity include dry skin, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, dizziness, blurred vision, and slowed growth.

42
Q

What are the functions of retinol binding proteins (RBP)?

A

Retinol binding proteins transport retinol to where it is needed in the body.

43
Q

How is beta-carotene metabolized in the body?

A

Beta-carotene is metabolized in the small intestine, producing retinal which is stored in the liver as retinol palmitate.

44
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency include night blindness and decreased resistance to infections.

45
Q

What are the sources of vitamin A in animal and plant foods?

A

Sources of vitamin A in animal foods include liver, butter, whole milk, and egg yolks; in plant foods, sources include orange or dark green fruits and vegetables.

46
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D in the body?

A

The active form of vitamin D in the body is calcitriol.

47
Q

How does sunlight contribute to vitamin D synthesis?

A

Sunlight contributes to vitamin D synthesis by converting 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3 in the skin.

48
Q

How does vitamin D deficiency lead to bone diseases?

A

Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

49
Q

What are the common dietary sources of vitamin D?

A

Common dietary sources of vitamin D include liver, butter, fatty fish, and egg yolks.

50
Q

How does vitamin D toxicity manifest in the body?

A

Vitamin D toxicity can cause hypercalcemia, leading to nausea, vomiting, and weakness.

51
Q

How is vitamin D hydroxylated in the liver and kidney?

A

Vitamin D is hydroxylated in the liver to form 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which is further hydroxylated in the kidney to form calcitriol.

52
Q

What are the recommended intake levels for vitamin D in different age groups?

A

The recommended intake levels for vitamin D are 15 mcg per day for children and adults, and 20 mcg per day for those over 70.

53
Q

How does vitamin E support immune function?

A

Vitamin E supports immune function by acting as an antioxidant.

54
Q

What are the primary sources of tocopherols in the diet?

A

Primary sources of tocopherols in the diet include vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and wheat germ.

55
Q

How does vitamin E deficiency affect nerve and muscle function?

A

Vitamin E deficiency affects nerve and muscle function, causing weakness and loss of muscle mass.

56
Q

What are the potential risks of high-dose vitamin E supplements?

A

High-dose vitamin E supplements can increase the risk of bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke.

57
Q

What is the role of phylloquinone in the body?

A

Phylloquinone, also known as vitamin K1, plays a role in blood clotting.

58
Q

How do gut bacteria contribute to vitamin K synthesis?

A

Gut bacteria contribute to vitamin K synthesis by producing menaquinones, also known as vitamin K2.

59
Q

What is the relationship between vitamin K and prothrombin?

A

Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin, a protein and clotting factor in the blood.

60
Q

How does osteocalcin depend on vitamin K?

A

Osteocalcin is a vitamin K-dependent protein that binds calcium in bones.

61
Q

What are the main dietary sources of vitamin K?

A

Main dietary sources of vitamin K include green leafy vegetables and fermented soybeans.

62
Q

How does vitamin K deficiency affect bone development?

A

Vitamin K deficiency can affect bone development, leading to conditions like osteoporosis.

63
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K in the body?

A

Functions of vitamin K include promoting blood clotting and maintaining bone health.

64
Q

What is the impact of vitamin K toxicity?

A

Vitamin K toxicity is rare, but it can interfere with anticoagulant medications.

65
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins different from water-soluble vitamins in terms of storage and excretion?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body’s fatty tissues and liver, while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and are excreted through urine.

66
Q

Why are fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than water-soluble vitamins?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity because they are stored in the body and not excreted quickly.

67
Q

What is the process of vitamin D metabolism in the body?

A

Vitamin D metabolism involves conversion to its active form in the liver and kidneys.

68
Q

How does vitamin A contribute to reproductive health?

A

Vitamin A contributes to reproductive health by supporting the growth and differentiation of cells.

69
Q

What are the dietary sources of carotenoids?

A

Dietary sources of carotenoids include orange or dark green fruits and vegetables.

70
Q

How is retinol produced from beta-carotene in the body?

A

Retinol is produced from beta-carotene through enzymatic conversion in the small intestine.

71
Q

What are the symptoms of hypervitaminosis A?

A

Symptoms of hypervitaminosis A include dry skin, headache, nausea, and dizziness.

72
Q

How does vitamin D affect muscle function?

A

Vitamin D affects muscle function by helping with calcium absorption and maintaining muscle strength.

73
Q

What are the signs of vitamin D deficiency in children?

A

Signs of vitamin D deficiency in children include rickets and delayed growth.

74
Q

What are the primary functions of alpha-tocopherol?

A

Primary functions of alpha-tocopherol include protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage.

75
Q

How does vitamin E protect polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

Vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative damage.

76
Q

What are the dietary sources of tocotrienols?

A

Dietary sources of tocotrienols include palm oil, rice bran oil, and barley.

77
Q

How is vitamin E administered parenterally?

A

Vitamin E can be administered parenterally through intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal injection.

78
Q

What are the common symptoms of vitamin E toxicity?

A

Common symptoms of vitamin E toxicity include nausea, diarrhea, and muscle weakness.

79
Q

What is the role of menaquinones in the body?

A

Menaquinones, also known as vitamin K2, play roles in bone health and cardiovascular health.

80
Q

How does vitamin K affect blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K affects blood clotting by activating proteins involved in the clotting process.

SPP Pharmacology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions