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History - Fascism in Italy > Fascism Topic 2 - Post-war challenges to the Liberal State > Flashcards

Fascism Topic 2 - Post-war challenges to the Liberal State Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did political violence increase after the war?

A

• There were greater divisions between political groups and classes

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2
Q

What was Italy’s post-war economy like and why?

A

• It suffered with debt and inflation due to the war effort being sustained through foreign loans and printing more money.

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3
Q

Why was there tensions between returning soldiers and factory workers who were exempt from war to maintain industry?

A

• Soldiers believed the factory workers were cowards and war shirkers who gained money while soldiers were sacrificing themselves on the front lines.

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4
Q

• Why did returning soldiers forcibly occupy hundreds of hectares of land?

A

• They were promised land reform during the war

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5
Q

What does ‘Mutilated victory’ mean?

A

• Italy had been robbed of their victory by the allies

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6
Q

Who was particularly angry about the ‘mutilated victory’ and why?

A

• Ex-soldiers

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7
Q

What parts of land did Italy not recieve after the war?

A

• The allies rejected Italy’s claim to Fiume

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8
Q

How did the allies justify this?

A

• That Italy’s contribution to the war was not enough to justify its territorial claims.

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9
Q

Why was Orlando forced to resign as Prime Minister?

A

• He could not convince the allies to give Italy the territory he believed the country deserved, so he had to accept defeat and resign.

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10
Q

What territories did Italy gain in the Treaty of Versailles?

A

• Much of the irridente lands, including Trento and Trieste.

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11
Q

Who was the successor to Orlando and when did he come to power?

A

• Nitti

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12
Q

Why did Nitti downplay the ‘mutilated victory’?

A

• He did not want to jeapordise Italy’s relationship with the allies as Italy needed the coal and money they could provide.

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13
Q

What two things did Nitti do that were very controversial with the nationalists?

A

• Allowed Yugoslavia to take Dalmatia

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14
Q

Who was Gabriele D’Annunzio?

A

• Italy’s most famous poet

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15
Q

What did Gabriele D’Annunzio believe?

A

• Believed the war would bring about a more unified and militaristic country.

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16
Q

Who started the Futurist movement and what was it?

A

• Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

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17
Q

What did the Futurists believe?

A

• Celebrated violence, patriotism, and destruction

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18
Q

When was the occupation of Fiume?

A

• September 1919 - December 1920

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19
Q

What groups took part in the occupation?

A

• Gabriele D’Annunzio (leader)

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20
Q

How many people took part in the occupation?

A

• 2000

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21
Q

Why did the occupation happen and why was Fiume symbolic?

A

• Asserting Italy’s greatness and avenging the ‘mutilated victory’.

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22
Q

What was the occupation like? What did this show?

A

• They managed to seize the port without a fight

23
Q

How did the occupation end?

A

• The Italian navy removed them in December 1920

24
Q

What did the occupation show to Mussolini?

A

• The success of violence and nationalist sentiment

25
Q

When was the ‘Biennio Rosso’ and what did this word mean?

A
  • 1919-1920
26
Q

By November 1919, what figure had unemployment reached? What was a significant reason for this?

A
  • 2 million
27
Q

What happened to the value of the lira?

A
  • Inflation was at an all-time high and the lira collapsed in value.
28
Q

Who did this mostly affect and why?

A
  • Middle class, who saw their savings wiped out
29
Q

The price of what had also risen?

A
  • Food prices
30
Q

What three major companies that had benefitted from the war struggled to stay afloat after the war ended?

A
  • Fiat (vehicles)
31
Q

Why did the collapse of Ansaldo and Ilva cause a banking crisis?

A
  • One of Italy’s major banks, Banca di Sconto, was closely tied to Ansaldo
32
Q

Who had been released during the war and what did this cause?

A
  • Socialist and Anarchist radicals who were jailed during WWI
33
Q

What three sources of social discontent were caused by these groups?

A
  • Major strikes
34
Q

What did membership of the Socialist unions increase by 1918-1920?

A
  • 250 000 in 1918
35
Q

When did the largest strike take place?

A
  • September 1920
36
Q

How many people took part?

A
  • 400 000
37
Q

What was the government response to the strike?

A
  • The government eventually ended the strike and was able to calm the industrial situation.
38
Q

What lasting effect did the Biennio Rosso have?

A
  • Upper and Middle classes had a lasting fear of the growing power of the left-wing.
39
Q

Why did forcible land occupation happen? By who?

A
  • By peasants who were promised land in WWI; while some land became available for peasants to purchase, it was not enough to satisfy demands.
40
Q

How did peasants control the countryside?

A
  • Controlled the employment of rural labourers
41
Q

Why was forcible land occupations worrying for landowners?

A
  • Landowners felt threatened by the rise of socialist power in the countryside
42
Q

What political reform did Nitti introduce before the 1919 elections?

A
  • All Italians that had served in the war and any male over 21 could vote in elections.
43
Q

Why did Nitti do this?

A
  • Hoped to ease public anger
44
Q

The amount of people who could vote was increased by how much?

A
  • 11 million
45
Q

What party was formed in 1919 before the election? Who was in charge?

A
  • Partito Popolare Italiano (PPI)
46
Q

What did the PPI believe?

A
  • Catholic interests and values
47
Q

Why was the PSI no longer willing to work with the liberals?

A
  • The war and recent revolution in Russia had encouraged them to take the party in a more radical direction
48
Q

What share of the vote did the PSI win in 1919? Why was this significant?

A
  • 32 per cent
49
Q

How many deputies did the PSI now have in government?

A
  • 156 socialist deputies
50
Q

What was the second most popular party? How many seats did they win?

A
  • PPI
51
Q

Why did the Liberals stay in power?

A
  • No party had a majority, and they were not willing to form a coalition
52
Q

How many seats did Giolitti’s liberals gain in the 1919 election?

A

• 41

53
Q

Why was the 1919 elections a faliure for democracy?

A
  • Nothing appeared to have changed, and people were frustrated with the old system.
54
Q

When did Nitti’s government fall? Who became Prime Minister after him?

A
  • June 1920

History - Fascism in Italy (2 decks)

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