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Fascism > Fascism and Gender > Flashcards

Fascism and Gender Flashcards

1
Q

What was the women’s division of the Fascist party?

A

Fasci Femminili - Party’s section for women

Women could not join the Party in any other manner

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2
Q

What was the growth of the Fasci Femminili from 1920-1940?

A

1920: 100,000 members
1940: 750,000 members

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3
Q

What was the Rural Housewives Section?

How many members by 1939?

A

Created in 1933 for peasant women in Fascist trade unions.
In 1934, it became a section of the FF
By 1939, it had 1.5 million members

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4
Q

What was the OMNI?

A

Organization for the Protection of Mothers and Children:
Created in 1925 and lasted till 1975
Offered material assistance and instruction in childcare for mothers from disadvantaged backgrounds

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5
Q

What services did the OMNI offer?

A

Nursing subsidiaries for unmarried mothers to encourage them to keep babies
Promotion of breast-feeding, creation of counselling centers for mothers, centers for infant care, nurseries and canteens for mothers, milk dispensaries and summer camps

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6
Q

What was an issue for the OMNI?

A

The funding wasn’t great but it is evidence of the Fascist regime taking care of mothers and children

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7
Q

How did Mussolini attempt to impose Fascist view on gender?

A

With the creation of a Day of Mothers and Children on the 24th December
Challenged a Catholic celebration and imposing the Fascist view on it

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8
Q

What was the Deutscher Frauenorden?

A

The German Order of Women - founded by Elsbeth Zander, affiliated to the NSDAP in 1928

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9
Q

When was the National Socialist Women’s League founded?

A

1931

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10
Q

When was the League of German Girls founded?

A

1930, part of Hitler Youth from 1931

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11
Q

What is the German Womens Enterprise?

A

Founded 1933, an umbrella organisation for all co-ordinated associations

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12
Q

When was the Battle for Births announced? What was it?

A

Mussolini’s Ascension Day Speech (26 May 1927)

A pronatalist campaign

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13
Q

What were the measures of the Battle for Births?

A
  • Bachelor Tax: unmarried men between 25-65 due to pay (Priests, servicemen and the disabled excluded)
  • Family allowances
  • Birth and wedding rewards
  • Condemnation of birth control: contraceptives banned
  • Abortion punished (1930 penal code)
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14
Q

What did the Bachelor Tax demonstrate?

A
  • Male initiative in creating families

- Choices within the private sphere became of the state interest

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15
Q

When were marriage loans introduced in both Germany and Italy?

A

Germany:

  • June 1933: law for reduction of employment included the promotion of marriage
  • In newly wed couples, women had to leave their jobs but this was reversed in 1936 as the need to grow the economy increased
  • Loans were to be repaid monthly, reductions for each birth but it was not money but vouchers to buy housewares

Italy:

  • introduced in 1937, following Germany
  • Loans given to newly-wed, young couples no older than 26
  • Paid back in monthly installments
  • Reductions for each birth but also increased repayments in cases of no birth
  • Jews excluded from benefits after Nov. 1938
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16
Q

How was female social engagement disguised?

A

Female social engagement disguised as seemingly “unpolitical”, “traditionally feminine work”, in reality was political
eg., monitoring working class and rural homes, binding people to the regime on the basis of their material needs
It was a vehicle for demonstrating social solidarity and support

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17
Q

Who were welfare benefits available for in Germany?

A

Exclusively those who were “Aryan” fit - “purging/guarding” the stock
Pronatalist policies were not disassociated from racial policies

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18
Q

How did the Nazis see Jews and Poles?

A

Nazis saw the Jews and Poles as “feminine” races - they sought “devious plots rather than masculine openness”

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19
Q

Many Fascists believed women should what?

A

Remain in their proper place: some Nazis campaigned against women smoking or wearing make-up in public - they therefore implemented repressive measures against women

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20
Q

What is the “New Fascist Man”?

A
  • The Italian regime promoted and repressed diverse qualities of being a man:
  • Warlike man (service in WWI or Fascist squads was a merit badge)
  • Authoritative head of a large family (prolificacy a merit)
  • Disciplined devotion to the Fascist cause
  • Conformity to Fascist morals
  • Racial consciousness (miscegenation banned)
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21
Q

How was employment portrayed?

A

Often portrayed negatively in ideology and propaganda

22
Q

What did Mussolini blame for male unemployment?

A

Women and Mechanization

23
Q

In 1934, Hitler told women what?

A

That there was no room for a battle of the sexes in Nazism

24
Q

What did Mussolini think work meant for women?

A

For Mussolini, work could lead to sterility for women but was essential for women

25
Q

When was legislation affecting women’s employment published?

A

There was no government attempt to ban occupations but new legislation in 1934 meant they could not work at night or carry very heavy weights - “female minors” between 15-21 banned from work deemed too heavy or dangerous
Limits targeted mostly factory workers and their employers simply ignored it or did not implement it

26
Q

What is “Latin Feminism”?

A

Free of Socialism and Liberalism - subordinated individual rights to tradition, family and race

27
Q

What did the original Fascist Program include in Italy?

A

In Italy, the original Fascist Program included the right of women to vote

28
Q

How did Fascism believe women could be incorporated?

A

Fascists believed women could be incorporated if their special needs or interests were recognised?

29
Q

What was progressive about Fascism?

A

At a time when most conservative organisations rejected female memberships, Fascist organisations had female sections

30
Q

How did female membership in Nazism grow?

A

Nazi women about 8% of the Party at seizure of power - women;s organisations amalgamated in 1931 into the NSF - 1938, paper membership of 2 million +

31
Q

What did Fascism politicize?

A

Fascism politicized roles previously seen as domestic: reproduction, education and conscription all became national duties

32
Q

Women were expected to produce what?

A

Women were expected to produce future citizens, soldiers and mothers

33
Q

What did “Familial Feminists” demand?

How did they relate to Fascists?

A

“Familial Feminists” demanded measures against male alcoholism, reform of divorce measures, improvement in womens rights as womens and mothers
Like Fascists, they stressed the role of family in the national community

34
Q

How did women’s movements advance?

A
  • Mussolini soon lost interest in female suffrage and women’s sections were subordinated to mens
  • Both regimes became more concerned with convincing women to have children
35
Q

Who was the leader of NSF?

A

Gertrude Scholtz-Klink had 11 children

36
Q

How was the public sector targeted in Italy?

A

Female candidates excluded from recruitment examinations
1938 extended to the private sector
only 10% of white-collar jobs to be women
No females at all in small businesses though there was a list of “suitable occupations” eg., shorthand typing

37
Q 
How were middle-class women affected by employment restrictions?
In education?
A

Middle-class women affected as they were not removed but prevented from gaining promotion eg., typist but not office manager
similar measures began in education,
1923 - no headmistresses
1926 - banned from teaching prestigious subjects, history or Latin in grammar schools
Abolition of fees for male teachers as female primary school teachers a “dangerous influence” thought to make young boys too sensitive

38
Q

Family law remained what?

A

Perry Wilson:
Family law remained unchanged and dated from 1865 - Fascists did not interfere but it was a patriarchal body of legislation - new code in 1942 but only “tinkered” with the existing code”

39
Q

Were peasant women encouraged to modernize?

A

Some encouraged to modernize through increasing modernization but others (most) remained in patriarchal and hierarchical households - they held very little influence and the most important female only had control over her daughter and daughters-in-law

40
Q

Why did Fascists intervene in the private sphere?

A

Liberal government did not intervene in the private sphere but Fascists did thanks to their concern with gender roles and the declining birth rate - “problem of problems””

41
Q

What were families with large numbers of children given?

A

Free school books, medical care

42
Q

How does Perry Wilson describe the pro-natalist policies?

A

“pro-natalist policy was a complete failure”

- The declining birth rate continued

43
Q

What does Perry Wilson pro-natalist policies had the biggest affect on?

A

Instead of improving the birth rate, it affected the way in which gender roles were discussed and how women were portrayed

44
Q

How did the middle-class involved themselves in Fascist Italy?

A
  • middle-class FF served as the organisers for other sections (early on many female Fascist leaders aspired to a true political role within the regime - drawn in by the patriotic volunteer work during WWI, some even campaigning for feminist causes such as suffrage)
45
Q

What happened to the FF in the late 20s?

A

By the late 20s, they were “outwitted” by male hierarchies who strongly opposed women having any political influence
FF soon lost autonomy and leadership - at this time, there was also a “purge of troublesome features with the FF”

46
Q

From 1932, it became compulsory for every branch of the FF to have what?

A

From 1932, it became compulsory for every local party branch to have an FF run by a female secretary, supervised by a female who then reported to the local male leader

47
Q

Only once the FF were firmly within hierarchical male power could women do what?

A

Play an active role - they could not make policy but they could carry it out
They carried out and followed orders but did not issue them
Largely confined to the spread of propaganda and engaging in welfare activity of various types
- Welfare work had been popular with women even before Fascism

48
Q

Duties to who?

A

Duties to the nation, not rights - focus on hierarchy and obedience

49
Q

Why was fundraising important for the FF?

A

Because they were poorly funded?

50
Q

What happened within the FF in 1937? 1940?

A

1937, some leading female fascists elevated to rank of National Inspectress - followed by by “technical leaders” for the peasant sections
- 1940, leaders of FF branches paid for the first time - everyone else continued to work for free

51
Q

What did the Peasants section of the FF offer?

A

Training in various roles: domestic science, handicraft, manufacturing, dairying, vegetable gardening, hygiene etc. in the forms of weekly lectures or tasks -attendance encouraged by incentives like free soap bars or vegetable seeds at meetings as well as the chance to win numerous small prizes on courses of various types
Also participated in leisure excursions or other activities such as collective radio listening (SOLD - the Workers section also did this)

Fascism (4 decks)

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