Fascia and Superficial Veins LE (Final) Flashcards
The subcutaneous tissue of the lower limbs consists of loose CT that contains ________________________ and their tributaries, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes. The deep fascia is strong, investing the limb like an elastic stocking
great and small saphenous veins
The deep fascia of the lower limb limits what?
outward expansion of contracting muscles and makes muscular contraction more efficient in compressing veins to push blood toward the heart
What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?
fascia lata
(it continues inferior to the knee as the deep fascia of the leg)
The thigh muscles are separated into 3 compartments. What are they?
anterior, medial and posterior
Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?
femoral n.
Which nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh?
obturator n.
Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?
tibial n.
What are the superior attachments for the fascia lata?
Quiz select all that apply q
-inguinal ligament
-pubic arch
-body of pubis
-pubic tubercle
What is the inferior attachment for the fascia lata?
test q
membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue (scarpa fascia)
What is the lateral attachment for the fascia lata?
iliac crest
What are the posterior attachments for the fascia lata?
-sacrum
-coccyx
-sacrotuberous ligament
-ischial tuberosity
The ______________ opening in the fascia lata is a gap or hiatus in the fascia lata inferior to the medial part of the inguinal ligament. Its medial margin is smooth but its superior, lateral, and inferior margins form a sharp crescentic edge, the _____________ margin. This margin is joined at its medial margin by fibrofatty tissue, the cribiform fascia
saphenous, falciform
The deep fascia of the leg, ______ fascia, attaches to the anterior and medial borders of the _________
crural, tibia
The deep fascia of the leg, also known as crural fascia forms the superior and inferior….
extensor retinacula
The deep fascia of the leg, also known as crural fascia, divides the leg into 3 compartments. What are they?
1) anterior (dorsiflexor) compartment
2) lateral (fibular) compartment
3) posterior (plantarflexor) compartment
The muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg are subdivided into superficial and deep parts by the….
transverse intermuscular septum
What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?
deep fibular n.
What nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?
superficial fibular n.
What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the leg?
tibial n.
T/F: the lower limbs have superficial and deep veins
true
The superficial veins of the leg are in what tissue?
subcutaneous
T/F: superficial and deep veins of the legs have valves
true, but more numerous in the deep veins
Which vein is formed by the union of the dorsal vein of the great toe and the dorsal venous arch of the foot?
great saphenous vein
Which vein ascends anteriorly to the medial malleolus and anastomoses freely with the small saphenous vein?
great saphenous vein
Which vein traverses the saphenous opening and empties into the femoral vein?
great saphenous vein
How many valves does the great saphenous vein have?
10-12 valves (which is more numerous in the leg, than in the thigh)
The great saphenous vein has 10-12 valves. Where are they located?
just inferior to the perforating veins (which also have valves)
Venous valves are cusps/flaps that are cup-like valvular sinuses that fill from above. When they are full, the valve cusps occlude the lumen of the vein, thereby preventing reflux of blood distally, making flow ________________. The valvular mechanism also breaks the column of blood in the ____________ v. into shorter segments, reducing back pressure. Both effects make it easier for the musculovenous pump to overcome the force of gravity to return the blood to the heart
unidirectional, saphenous
The great saphenous vein receives numerous tributaries and communicates in several locations with the _________________ vein
small saphenous
The great saphenous vein receives numerous tributaries and communicates in several locations with the small saphenous vein. Tributaries from the medial and posterior aspects of the thigh frequently unite to form an _________________ vein
accessory saphenous
Which vein is the main communication between the great and small saphenous vein?
accessory saphenous vein
The lateral and anterior cutaneous veins arise from networks of veins in the inferior part of the thigh and enter the great saphenous vein superiorly, just before it enters the ___________ v. Near its termination, the great saphenous vein also receives the superficial circumflex iliac, superficial epigastric, and external pudendal veins
femoral
Which vein arises on the lateral side of the foot from the union of the dorsal vein of the little toe with the dorsal venous arch?
small saphenous vein
Which vein ascends posteriorly to the lateral malleolus as a continuation of the lateral marginal vein and ascends between the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle?
small saphenous vein
Which vein empties into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa?
small saphenous vein
Which veins penetrate the deep fascia close to their origin from the superficial veins and contains valves that allow blood to flow only from the superficial veins to the deep veins?
perforating veins
The perforating veins pass through the deep fascia at an ___________ angle so that when muscles contract and the pressure increases inside the deep fascia, the perforating veins are compressed. Compression of the perforating veins also prevents blood from flowing from the deep to superifical veins. This pattern of venous blood flow from superficial to deep is important for proper venous return from the lower limb bc it enable muscular contractions to propel blood toward the heart against the pull of gravity. This is known as ______________________
oblique, musculovenous pump
Where are varicose veins common?
in the posteromedial parts of the lower limb
What are varicose veins caused by?
incompetent valves, usually due to lack of exercise/activity or subluxation
(when the valves within the great saphenous vein itself are incompetent, the pull of gravity on the uninterrupted column of blood results in a higher intraluminal pressure, which also exacerbates varicosities. As a result, the superficial veins become torturous and dilated)
The veins of the lower limb are subject to ____________________ after a bone fracture
venous thrombosis (blood clotting)
Venous stasis (stagnation) is an important cause of thrombus formation. Venous stasis can be caused by what?
-incompetent loose fascia that fails to resist muscle expansion diminishing the effectiveness of the musculovenous pump
-external pressure on the veins from bedding during a prolonged hospital stay or form a tight cast or bandage
-muscular inactivity such as during a long flight
Venous inflammation with thrombus formation, _________________, may develop around the vein. A thrombus that breaks free from a lower limb vein and travels to the lungs constitutes a pulmonary thromboembolism (obstruction of a pulmonary a.)
thrombophlebitis
Which vein is commonly used for coronary arterial bypasses?
great saphenous vein
Why is the great saphenous vein commonly used for coronary arterial bypasses?
-readily accessible
-sufficient distance occurs between the tributaries and the perforating veins so that useable lengths can be harvested
-its wall contains a higher percentage of muscular and elastic fibers than do other superficial veins
-saphenous vein grafts are used to bypass obstructions in blood vessels like in an intracoronary thrombus
