farma coll 1 Flashcards
receptors in eyes
Alpha 1 - mydriasis
Alpha 2 - decr. IOP/F
Beta 1 - incr. secr. IOF
M3 - Myosis, incr. accomodation
Receptors in heart
Beta 1 - increase HR, conduction, contractility, automatism
Beta 2 - incr.
M2 - decrease HR, conductivity
Receptors in BV
Alpha 1 - contraction
Beta 2 - relaxation
Receptors in Lungs
Beta 2 - decrease muscle tone
M3 - incr. Muscle tone, secretion
Receptors in GI
M3 - incr. muscle tone, motility, secretion
Receptors in Liver
Alpa 1 - incr.
Beta 2 - incr. glycogenolysis and glyconeogenesis
receptors in pancreas
Alpha 2 - decrease insulin
Beta 2 - increase insulin
receptors in urinary bladder
Alpha 1 - sphincter (contraction)
Beta 2 - M. detrursor (relaxation)
M3 - m.Detrursor(contraction) + sphincter (relaxation)
receptors in kidney
beta 1 - incr. renin release (incr. BP)
Beta 2 - incr. Renin release
receptors in glands
M3 - increase secretion
receptors in uterus
Beta 2 - decrease muscle tone (relaxation)
receptors in CNS
Alpha 2 - presynaptic pole (inhib)
Nn - autonomic ganglia
Receptors in Skeletal muscle
Beta 2 - increase muscle tone, glycogenolysis, K+ uptake
Nm - neuromuscular synapse (contraction)
Phenylephrine
-alpha 1 adrenoreceptor agonist
selective
-local vasocontriction
-nasal decongestants
Clonidine
-Alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonist
selective
-hypotensive effect
-hypertesion
Isoprenaline
-β adrenoceptor
agonist
Non selective
Salbutamol
-β2 adrenoreceptor
agonist
selective
-bronchodilation + tocolytic
- asthma + premature contractions
Epinephrine
-α,β adrenoceptor agonist
non selective
Norepinephrine
-Nonselective α
selective β1 adrenoceptor agonist
- vasoconstriction
- acute hypotension
Doxazosin
-α1 adrenoreceptor ANTAgonists
selective
- Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels
(reflect tachycardia - dangerous)
decr. urethral tone + relaxes prostate
- hypertension + prostate adenoma
Timolol
-Nonselective β adrenoblockers
-decr. IOF/P
-Glaucoma (used topically)
Propranolol
-Nonselective
β adrenoceptor ANTAgonist
-lipid soluble (BBB)
-hypertension
Metoprolol
Bisoprolol
-Selective
β1 adrenoceptor
ANTAgonist
-hypertension, CAD, AFib, CHF
Carvedilol
-Selective α1,
nonselective β adrenoceptor ANTAgonist
-cardio depressant
-CHF, CAD, Hypertension
Nebivelol
-selective beta1
ANTAgonist
-vasodilation
-hypertension
Pilocarpine
-M cholinoreceptor agonists
-Eyes, reduce IOF/P
-Glaucoma, Xerostomia
Neostigmine
-Anticholinesterase inhibitor
- incr. Ach in body -> stimulation of N and M receptors -> muscle contraction
-myasthenia gravis
Atropine
-M cholinoreceptor ANTAgonists
Non-selective
-incr. activity
-bradycardia, preoperative, antidote to muscarine poisoning, eyes topical use mydriasis
Botulinum toxin
(Sugammadex antidote)
-N ANTagonist
-local Ach inhibition -> muscle relaxation
-post-stroke spasticity etc.
cosmetic surgery
Nicotine Suxamethonium
-N cholinoreceptor agonists
- stimulation -> suppression
- Intubation + short surgical manipulation
Rocuronium
-N cholinoreceptoru antagonists
-Non depolarizing muscle relaxants
-Muscle relaxation during surgical procedures
What is pharmacokinetics?
he branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body
Terms for pharmacokinetics
Absorption -> Distribution -> Metabolism -> Elimination
What is pharmacodynamics?
the branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action
Types of therapy?
EDPPRS
Etiological-Diagnostic-Pathogenetic-Prophylaxis-Replacement-Syptomatic
What is Etiological therapy?
Treating the cause of the disease
(eg. Bacterial infection)
What is therapy used for diagnostic purposes?
Use of drugs for diagnostic purposes eg. Contrast fluid
What is Pathogenetic therapy?
No known cause
Known pathological process of disease
(eg. hypertension, cancer)
What is Prophylaxis therapy?
Drugs used for prevention of the diasease
(eg.Anticoagulants)
What is replacement therapy?
Substitution of something that is missing in the body
(eg. Iron, vitamins)
what is symptomatic therapy?
Treating the symptoms of the disease
(eg, allergic reaction)
What is medicinal toxicity?
produce harmful effects on the body or mind, often due to overdose, prolonged use, or adverse reactions
What is medicinal side effect?
unwanted, usually unpleasant, effects caused by medicines
List the types of Toxic syndromes
-sympathomimetic, anticholinergic, sedative-hypnotic (fast and furious)
-opioid-induced(Depressed)
-Combined
What is the “Fast and furious” Toxic syndrome?
1) Sympathomimetic toxidrome
2) Anticholinergic toxidrome
Both with
n increased heart
rate and increased body temperature
What is Neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
caused by antipsychotic drugs
-increased body temperature,
- sweating,
- muscle stiffness
What is Serotonin syndrome?
caused by psychotropic drugs
(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and MDMA)
What is the “depressed” Toxic syndrome?
1) toxidrome caused by sedative-hypnotics;
2) opioid-induced toxidrome
slower heart rate and decreased blood pressure
What is combined drug toxicity?
When a combined drug causes both anticholinergic/sympathomimetic toxidrome
(Cetrizine+pseudepherine)
What are the types of Drug-induced liver injury? DILI
1)Predictable
shortly after drug exposure
2)unpredictable
common after use of a medication (paracetamol intoxication)
3)Acute
laboratory tests have been changed for less than 3 months
4)Chronic
laboratory tests have changed for more than 3 months
What are the types of clinical-biochemical types of liver damage?
1)Hepatocellular
iver cell dmg + ALAT ASAT elevated + pain
2)Cholestatic
itching + jaundice + incr. serum Alkaline phosphatase
3)Mixed
various symptoms possible, nothing elevated predominantly
What are the risk factors for drug-induced nephrotoxicity?
▪ A decrease in “absolute” or “effective” intravascular circulating volume
▪ Age > 60 y.
▪ Diabetes mellitus
▪ Multiple nephrotoxin effect
▪ Heart failure
▪ Sepsis
▪ Chronic renal failure (GFR < 60 ml/min)
Definition of BAS
chemical compound that can modify the
behaviour of cells and change the functions of
organism
Definition of Pharmacological substance
BAS that has a definite pharmacological
activity
Definition of Medicine
chemical used in the diagnosis, treatment or
prevention of disease
Definition of Pharmaceutical form
Form of drug making for definite route of
administration
What are the steps of development of new medicine?
- Chemical preparing of the drug
- Laboratory studies with animals
- Clinical researches
What is a placebo?
Biologically inactive substance
What are the enteral routes of administration?
- per os
- sublingually
- transbuccally
- rectally
- duodenum by probe
What are the parenteral routes of administration?
- topical rout
- transdermal rout
- subcutaneously
- intramuscularly
- intravenously
- intraarterially
- subarachniodally
- inhalation rout
- intravaginally
- insert into uterus or urine bladder
Subcutaneously
-slowly absorbed
-Ony aqueous solutions
Intramuscularly
-quickly absorbed
-Can be administered suspensions, oily solutions, irritating substances
Intravenously
-immediate effects
-large volumes permitted
-injected slowly
-Only aqueous and soluble solutions
What is Toxicology of cholinesterase inhibitors?
acetylcholine excess in skeletal muscles
Muscarinic manifestations:
D diarrhea, defecation
U urination
M miosis
B bronchoconstriction
B bradycardia
E excitation (of skeletal muscle and CNS)
L lacrimation
S salivation
S sweating
Central nervous system manifestations: agitation, seizures, coma
What is the Toxicology of atropine? Anticholinergic intoxication
Completely antagonize Ach in Muscarinic receptors
Mad as a hatter
Blind as a bat
Red as a beet
Hot as a hare
Dry as a bone
Full as a Flask
Stuffed a a Pepper
