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MSK2 > Farm animal MSK diseases 4 > Flashcards

Farm animal MSK diseases 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the role of Streptococcus suis in bacterial arthritis in pigs

A
  • Primary pathogen
  • Commensal of nostril, tonsil, vagina
  • Can act opportunistically, esp. with PRRSc
  • May also see meningitis/polyserositis (may die before lame)
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2
Q

How is Streptococcus suis transmitted?

A
  • Often bought into a herd via carrier pigs

- Spread at tooth clipping/tail docking

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3
Q

Give the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of Streptococcus suis bacterial arthritis in pigs

A
  • Diagnosis: culturing affected tissue
  • Treatment: antibiotics (mostly injectable, 5 days), NSAIDs
  • Can respond well if treated early
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4
Q

Outline your approach to bacterial arthritis in suckling pigs

A
  • Stop teeth clipping, check piglets mouths and clipping equipment
  • Check colostrum management via blood sample from pigets
  • Check iron administration esp. indoor systems, and hygiene of injector
  • Check navel treatments and tail docking are carried out correctly and correct hygiene
  • Check concurrent disease status esp. PRRSv
  • Review flooring, state of creep temperatures and draughts i.e. housing
  • Short term: preventative Abs prior to risk period to stop cycle
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5
Q

What is splayleg in piglets and how is it caused?

A
  • Exact cause unknown, probably multiple

- Myofibrillar hypoplasia at histopath

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6
Q

Describe the typical clinical presentation of splayleg in piglets

A
  • More common in Landrace pigs, and males
  • Evident within 2-4 hours of birth, usually resolves ~5 days of age
  • Can affect front, back or all legs
  • Death of results due to inability to feed
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7
Q

Outline the treatment and prognosis for splayleg in piglets

A
  • If not nursed appropriately, die due to not feeding
  • Tape affected limbs together using 2.5cm wide plaster strip, leaving 5-8cm gap between legs
  • Massage frequently
  • Assist with feeding, give 10ml colostrum asap
  • Keep on rough floor to prevent slipping
  • Consider split suckling to reduce competition
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8
Q

Give the aetiology, presentation and management of congenital hyperostosis in pigs

A
  • Thick leg syndrome
  • Genetic aetiology: recessive autosomal gene, very rare
  • Individual litters born with bony thickenings of the legs, esp. HLs
  • Do not use same combination of boar and sow again
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9
Q

List the MSK conditions that typically occur in suckling pigs

A
  • Bacterial arthritis
  • Splay leg
  • Congenital hyperostosis
  • Trauma
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10
Q

List the MSK conditions that typically occur in growing pigs

A
  • Erysipelas
  • Metabolic bone disease
  • Porcine stress syndrome
  • Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
  • Bacterial arthritis
  • Spinal abscesses
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11
Q

Outline the aetiology of erysipelas in pigs

A
  • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, common soil borne organism with tropism for heart valves, skin and joints
  • Can also cause septicaemia
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12
Q

How does erysipelas cause lameness in pigs?

A

Joint infection causes turbid fibrinous arthritis

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13
Q

How can erysipelas be diagnosed, treated and prevented in pigs?

A
  • Diagnosis: serum/joint fluid serology or culture
  • Treatment: penicillin sometimes effective if used early
  • Sows usually vaccinated, no need to vacc growing pigs unless known significant risk e.g. excessive contact with soil
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14
Q

Outline the cause and incidence of metabolic bone disease (osteomalacia, rickets) in pigs

A
  • Reasonably common, esp. organic/home mill and mix farms

- Pathogenesis is imbalance between vit D, Ca, P (often Ca:P ratio wrong)

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15
Q

What are the consequences of metabolic bone disease in pigs and how can it be diagnosed?

A
  • High incidence of pathological fractures and condemnations at slaughter
  • Other bone abnormalities depending on cause
  • Diagnosis on histopathology
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16
Q

What is porcine stress syndrome and how does it occur?

A
  • Halothene gene, genetic mutation in ryr-1 gene that codes for calcium release channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Homozygotes are clinically affected
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17
Q

Describe the signalment and clinical signs of porcine stress syndrome

A
  • Pietrain, Landrace, Duroc
  • Muscle tremors
  • Dyspnoea
  • Rapid increase in temp
  • Collapse
  • Death
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18
Q

What diseases is porcine stress syndrome associated with?

A
  • PSS
  • Malignant hyperthermia
  • Pale Soft and Exudative pork
  • Back muscle necrosis
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19
Q

How is porcine stress syndrome diagnosed?

A

Histopathology of heart and skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Desribe the aetiopathogenesis of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae as a cause of lameness in pigs

A
  • Plasmalymphocytic arthritis/synovitis, non-purulent
  • Is a common, ubiquitous, primary pathogen
  • Disease often follows stress, incubation period 1-3 weeks
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21
Q

Outline the signalment and clinical signs of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae infection in pigs

A
  • Mild to severe lameness with swollen joints
  • Sudden onset lameness
  • One hindlimb commonly more severe
  • Few other outward signs other than lameness
  • Typically new group of gilts/boars 10-14 days post arrival on farm
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22
Q

How is Mycoplasma hyosynoviae in pigs diagnosed?

A
  • Culutre of organism difficult, no reliable serology
  • Often led by clinical picture
  • Antibody examination of synovial fluid possible
  • Response to lincomycin/tiamulin/tylosin good diagnostic indicator
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23
Q

Outline the teatment and control of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae in pigs

A
  • Tiamulin or lincomycin usually good effect

- Control can be difficult if brought in by new gilts

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24
Q

Describe the aetiopathogenesis of spinal abscesses in pigs

A

Almost always bacteraemic spread from focus of infection e.g. tail biting lesion

25
Q

Describe the clinical signs and treatment of spinal abscesses in pigs

A
  • Affect joints swollen +/- abscessesation
  • Pigs off legs but bright, variable paresis/paralysis of HLs
  • Treatment rarely economical, culled on welfare grounds
26
Q

List the MSK diseases that typically affect growing/breeding gilts

A
  • Osteochondrosis
  • Erysipelas
  • Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
27
Q

Outline the aetiology of osteochondrosis in pigs

A
  • Non-infectious disease of joint surface, resulting in irreversible deterioration of articular cartilage and underlying bone
  • Disturbance to endochondral ossification of articular cartilage when bones are still developing
  • Highly prevalent (84-95% of sows)
28
Q

What is osteochondrosis commonly associated with in pigs?

A
  • Rapid growth rate
  • Nutrition
  • Genetic factors
  • Flooring
29
Q

Describe the clinical signs of osteochondrosis in pigs

A
  • Variable from sub-clinical to severe
  • Pain when standing
  • Walking on knees
  • Unwilling to extend carpi
  • Ataxic, swaying gait
  • Wide HL stance
30
Q

How is osteochondrosis diagnosed and treated in pigs?

A
  • Diagnosis by elimination and clinical signs, PM is only method for definitive diagnosis
  • Treatment ineffective, prevention key
31
Q

List the MSK disease that typically affect adult sows

A
  • Epiphysiolysis

- Foot/shoulder lesions

32
Q

Describe the aetiopathogenesis epiphysiolysis in pigs

A
  • Fracture/separation of bones at epiphyseal plate
  • Related to OCD
  • Metabolic bone disease usually affecting gilts and lower parity sows
  • Femoral head shears off when gilts move to service area
33
Q

How can epiphysiolysis in pigs be prevented?

A
  • Alter lactation nutrition

- Ensure gilts are correct weight at breeding (120kg)

34
Q

What shoulder lesions commonly occur in adult sows?

A

Ischaemic necrosis over shoulder blade in later stages of lactation, generally thin sows

35
Q

Outline the treatment and prognosis of shoulder lesions in adult sows

A
  • Keep clean until weaning
  • After weaning place in hospital pen with straw, feed to restore BCS
  • Healing normally complete within a month, breed as normal after weaning
36
Q

Describe a broad approach to lameness in pigs

A
  • If >2% of pigs recorded lame per month, investigate further
  • If foot involvement, look closely at flow surfaces
  • Look for marks on skin that may indicate fighting
  • Look for cuts or breaks in skin that may indicate sharp projections from environment
37
Q

List the differentials for a sudden onset lameness in a pig, with no visible abnormalities and pig otherwise normal, indicating the most likely 3 (at the top)

A
  • Trauma
  • Acute leg weaknes OCD
  • Fractures
  • Black muscle necrosis
  • Broken back
  • Calcium phosphorous deficiencies
  • Laminitis
  • Muscle tear
  • Muscular dystrophy
38
Q

List the differentials for a gradual onset lameness in a pig, with no visible abnormalities and pig otherwise normal (top 3 first)

A
  • Erysipelas
  • Mycoplasma arthritis
  • leg weakness OCD
  • Abscesses
  • Rickets
39
Q

List the diffeerentials for a sudden onset lameness in a pig with visible abnormalities, pig off food, +/- pyrexia, swellings/other signs present (top 2 first)

A
  • Erysipelas
  • Streptococcal infections
  • Back muscle necrosis
  • Fractures
  • Haematoma
  • PSS
  • Vesicular diseases
40
Q

List the differentials for a gradual onset lameness in a pig with visible abnormalities, pig off food, +/- pyrexia, swellings/other signs present (top 4 first)

A
  • Bush foot
  • Erysipelas
  • Glassers disease
  • Mycoplasma arthritis
  • Bursitis
  • Vesicular diseases
41
Q

List the common causes of hindlimb lameness in pigs

A
  • Joint ill and splayleg in piglets
  • Mycoplasma hyosynoviae arthritis
  • Ulcerations
  • Bursitis
  • Osteochondritis dissecans
  • Swollen or bush feet
  • Overgrown hoof conditions
  • Erysipelas
  • Conformation issues - genetics
42
Q

Describe the treatment and prevention of ulcerations in pigs

A
  • Remove animal to hospital pen with straw bedding
  • Cover with wound spray
  • Secondary infection may occur if in dirty environment
  • Consider lime washing floors and walls to reduce sharp points
43
Q

Describe the cause of swollen/bush foot in pigs

A
  • Infection enters foot via number of routes
  • Puncture/trauma wound to lower leg
  • Open wounds from abrasive floors
44
Q

Describe the treatment of bush foot in pigs

A
  • Move to hospital pen with good flooring, ideally straw bedding
  • Licomycin injection
  • Ensure pig encouraged to stand several times a day
45
Q

Describe the cause clinical presentation of ulcerated granulomas in pigs

A
  • Borrelia suis may occasionally be specific cause
  • Large granuloma develops on fore/hind leg
  • Lesion looks more severe than behaviour of animal indicates
46
Q

Outline the treatment of ulcerated granulomas in pigs

A
  • No effective treatment
  • Control lesion size by housing on straw
  • Culling may be necessary
47
Q

Describe the possible consequences and management of overgrown hooves in pigs

A
  • Contribute to preweaning mortality as sow is clumsy
  • Need to inspect and trim regularly, ideally immediately after farrowing
  • Can use small grinder to trim, can be very difficult
48
Q

Give examples of conformation issues that may cause lameness in pigs

A
  • HL under abdomen
  • Toes pointing
  • FL too straight
  • Excess muscling
  • Dipped shoulders
  • Misshapen, uneven toes
  • Dropped pasterns
  • Valgus or varus
  • Splaying of toes, mule foot, uneven toes,
49
Q

What problems are seen particularly with angular limb deformities in pigs?

A
  • Screw toes

- Rolled hoof wall

50
Q

Give examples of foot lesions that may lead to lameness in pigs

A
  • Hoof craw
  • Corns
  • Overgrowth of supernumerary digit
  • Interdigital growth
  • Interdigital abscess
51
Q

List critical MSK conditions of pigs

A
  • Vesicular diseases e.g. FMDV
  • Trauma
  • Femoral head fracture
  • Split hips
52
Q

List potential causes of leg fractures in pigs

A
  • Poor building design or potholes
  • Sows sleeping in stall trampled
  • Mis-sizing boars and sows
  • Weakened bones with osteoporosis at weaning in gilts
  • If herd issue, consider nutritional imbalance
53
Q

Outline the potential causes of femoral head fracture in pigs

A
  • Usually epiphysiolysis

- Or following trauma e.g. bullying/pushing through narrow doorway/mating injury

54
Q

Describe the typical appearance of a femoral head fracture in a pig

A

Sudden onset unilateral HL lameness with collapse of gluteal muscles (mainly on one side)

55
Q

Outline the cause, appearance, treatment and prevention of split hips in pigs

A
  • Falls/does the splits
  • Tear pelvic muscles leading to inability to rise
  • Euthanasia asap (max 7 days after onset)
  • Control by reviewing floor and lying patterns of sows
56
Q

Discuss the approach to foot trimming in pigs

A
  • Extremely difficult

- Usually requires sedation of the pig

57
Q

List the drugs that may be used to sedate pigs for foot trimming, indicating those that are licensed, and give some important considerations for each drug

A
  • Azaperone (is the only licensed one), leads to heat loss so provide secondary heat source, can be combined with ketamine
  • ACP IM, unpredictable, combine with ket
  • Diazepam or midazolam IM or IV: can be combined with ket, alone does not reliably sedate adult pigs
  • Xyalzine IM, less potent than in ruminants, best used in combinatio with ketamine and butorphanol
58
Q

Discuss the side effects of azaperone in pigs

A
  • Doses >1mg/kg in boars associated with penile prolapse

- Peripheral vasodilation and heat loss

MSK2 (29 decks)

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